细胞功能测定

Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in normal development, tissue repair, and is altered in several disease states. During these processes, expression of ECM genes is regulated temporally and spatially. Identification of regulatory elements that direct tissue- and sta ...

Genetically engineered mutant strains of mice have become invaluable too to decipher complex biological processes, such as ECM assembly, and to dissect phenotypic overlaps, like the genodermatoses. Homologous gene targe ing in embryonic stem (ES) cells is increasingly favored over ...

The introduction of recombinant DNA has become a common tool for studying functional and structural properties of a wide variety of proteins. Functional analysis of protein can be studied by suppression of gene expression, thus introducing a plasmid which expresses an antisense RNA in mam ...

We present a method that uses microcontact printing of alkanethiols on gold to generate patterned substrates presenting “islands” of extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounded by nonadhesive regions such that single cells attach and spread only on the adhesive regions. We have used this mi ...

Immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence analyses are ideal techniques for localizing adhesive molecules in organs and tissues if reliable, well-characterized antibodies are available. In situ hybridization with RNA probes represents an alternative method for det ...

Fibronectin is an ubiquitous extracellular glycoprotein that exists in a soluble form in body fluids and in an insoluble form in the extracellular matrix. It plays a major role in many important physiological processes, such as embryogen-esis, wound healing, hemostasis, and thrombosis ( ...

Cells in tissues exist in a structural and informational context that involves other cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as growth factors, hormones, and ECM-remodeling enzymes. The ECM is a complex mixture of collagenous and noncollagenous glycoproteins and proteoglycans ...

Peripheral blood leukocytes interact with the endothelial lining of the cardiovascular system in a wide variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic situations. In various types of acute and chronic inflammatory reactions, for example, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neut ...

A critical step in the recruitment of leukocytes to a site of inflammation is leukocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium in the fluid dynamic environment of the microcirculation. This process involves a cascade of adhesive events, including initial attachment, rolling, spreadin ...

A variety of adhesive interactions take place between tumor cells (TC) and vascular endothelium in tumor progression and metastasis (1). One of the most important events of the metastatic cascade is the arrest of circulating TC in the capillary bed of secondary organs followed by the interact ...

The interaction between circulating tumor cells and the vascular wall is a crucial step in the process of extravasation of these cells and in the subsequent formation of the metastasis. Tumor cells extravasation is believed to be similar to that of leukocites across the vascular wall during in ...

The adhesion of cells is normally studied in the absence of flow. In a classic setup, ELISA wells are coated with an adhesive protein and subsequently incubated with a cell suspension. The gravity is responsible for the transport of the cells to the adhesive surface. This setup is not appropriate for bl ...

In vitro wound healing is a complex phenomenon in which cells mechanically released from tight confluence migrate in an oriented fashion to an area made free of cells (1). Moreover, beyond migrating, cells at the advancing border often re-enter the cell cycle (2–4). In the perspective of adhesion mo ...

The endothelial lining of blood vessels forms an intact monolayer throughout the vascular system, and constitutes a critical barrier between the blood flow and the tissues beneath. Endothelial cells (EC) have a prominent role in the regulation of hemostasis, immunity, and inflammation; ...

The specificity, homogeneity, and ability to be produced in unlimited amounts have made monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) an extremely useful tool for the study of a great variety of molecules involved in cellular adhesion phenomena. In many cases, the detailed biochemical and functional ch ...

Endothelial cells forming the inner lining of all blood vessels are actively involved in the regulation of the extravasation of fluid, macromolecules, hormones, and leukocytes. Only a few decades ago, it was thought that the endo-thelium functioned as a passive semipermeable barrier, but ...

p125FAK tyrosine phosphorylation is a primary response to integrin stimulation. The first evidence that integrin occupancy by ligands induces tyrosine phosphorylation came from studies on the fibrinogen receptor αllbβ3 in platelets (1). Further work showed that both in normal and ...

Integrins participate in numerous complex biological processes that include cell growth, differentiation, and migration, tissue organization and remodeling, inflammation, and immune response (1). Signals contributed by integrin-mediated cell adhesion cooperate with ...

Engagement of integrins by natural ligands or specific antibodies initiates biochemical signaling events within the cell, important for regulating different cell functions, such as migration, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and specific gene expr ...

The region of an antigen that interacts with an antibody is defined as an epitope. For protein antigens, epitopes may involve a single length of the polypeptide chain (sequential or linear epitopes) or may be composed of several widely separated, discrete amino acid sequences that come together ...