细胞功能测定

The kidney is an extremely heterogeneous organ from a morphological and a functional point of view. In spite of this heterogeneity, several methods have been described in an attempt to isolate and culture homogeneous populations of renal epithelial cells, seeking to maintain normal diff ...

The human parathyroid glands are comprised of several cell types, and the parathyroid chief cell is the most frequent, consisting of approx 40-70% in a normal parathyroid gland. Other cell types are fibroblasts, oxyphil cells, and fat-storing cells. The oxyphil cells are mitochondria-rich a ...

Tissue culture refers to the in vitro growth or maintenance of organs, tissues, or cells. Methods of tissue culture in most cases have the dual goals of preservation of physical integrity and viability (1,1). As a nonreplicating tissue responsible for significant endocrine hormone product ...

The mucosal endocrine cells in the antrum are found as individual elements interspersed among the surrounding epithelial cells, the majority of these being the gastric mucous cells. To establish the factors regulating either endocrine or mucous cell function, the cells have to be separa ...

Conjunctiva, the mucous membrane of the eye, covers its surface from the limbus, the junction with the cornea, to the edges of the eyelids where it meets the skin, thus forming a blind sac that permits free movement of the eye. Topologically, the conjunctiva is divided into bulbar (covering the sclera, ad ...

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a layer of multipotential cells of neural ectoderm origin lying between Bruch’s membrane and the neural retina. The RPE subserves several essential ocular functions, including phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments, maintenan ...

An important approach in studies of normal, diseased, and malignant cells is their growth in culture. The isolation and subsequent culture of human epidermal melanocytes has been attempted since 1957 (1-5), but only since 1982 have pure normal human melanocyte cultures been reproducibly e ...

Bone is a complex tissue that contains at least four different cell types of the osteoblastic lineage. (1) Active osteoblast-a plump, polarized, cuboidal cell rich in organelles involved in the synthesis and secretion of matrix proteins. (2) Osteocyte-an osteoblast with low metabolic act ...

Research involving osteoclasts has always been difficult to undertake owing to a lack of osteoclast supply. Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated cells and, therefore, they cannot simply divide and be maintained in culturean osteoclast supply must constantly be replenish ...

Skeletal muscle cells can be used in vitro for the study of myogenesis, as well as in vivo as gene-delivery vehicles for the therapy of muscle and nonmuscle diseases. These skeletal muscle cells are derived from muscle satellite cells that lie between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of differen ...

The mature articular chondrocyte embedded in the cartilage matrix is a resting cell with no detectable mitotic activity and a very low synthetic activity (1). The markers of mature articular chondrocytes are type II collagen (COL2A1), other cartilage-specific collagens IX (COL9) and XI (C ...

Until now, for most of the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), ideal animal systems do not exist. Hence, cell-biological experiments, which would help to elucidate the degenerative processes, cannot be performed with affected tissue. On the other hand, biopsy- ...

Adipose or fat tissue is of mesenchymal origin and is comprised of adipocytes, adipose precursor cells, blood cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes/macrophages. The adipocytes represent roughly two-thirds of the total cell number and, owing to their enormous cell size, ...

Peripheral blood human monocytes (HuMo) are the major source for human mononuclear phagocytes. Such monocytes when cultured, differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (HuMoDM), and undergo various structural, biochemical, and functional changes.

The matrix metalloproteinase field has a clearly defined starting point, the seminal study of Jerome Gross and Charles Lapi�re in 1962 (1) in which fragments of resorbing tadpole tail were cultured on reconstituted collagen gels. A collagenolytic enzyme was recovered from the culture med ...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play important roles in the remodeling of connective tissues associated with normal mammalian development and growth, and in the degradative processes accompanying diseases such as rhe ...

The proteolytic activity of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in extracellular matrix degradation must be precisely regulated by their endogenous protein inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Disruption of this balance results in s ...

Developmental and homeostatic remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly regulated process orchestrated by a family of zinc-containing, calcium-dependent neutral proteases known as the matrix metallo-proteinases (MMP). This family of enzymes, which now contains ...

Connective tissue degradation occurs in chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and periodontitis to adversely affect life quality. More importantly, disturbances in connective tissue homeostasis may be life threatening in various lung, neurological, and cardiov ...

The most powerful approach for studying gene function in an intact animal is to regulate the levels of the gene product and thereby see gains-of-function or losses-of-function. The occasional mutation in the genes for the matrix metalloproteinases or their inhibitors, or polymorphism in t ...