细胞功能测定

Immobilization of proteins on intact red blood cells (RBCs) can be valuable for several different reasons. In vivo, RBCs carrying specific ligands can be targeted to cells exposing specific antigens, eventually for the delivery of drugs encapsulated in the same RBC (1). Alternatively, RBCs ...

Conventional biopolymers for entrapment of cells (e.g., calcium alginate, κ-carrageenan) are nontoxic to cells because of the natural raw materials and the gentle immobilization procedure. However, they have disadvantages in their poor mechanical stability (e.g., they are very sen ...

The use of enzymes in industrial or medical applications has been limited (except for proteases and some amylases) because most enzymes are relatively unstable and the cost of their isolation and purification is still high. In addition, it is technically very expensive to recover active enz ...

Medical applications of enzymes are found in various areas, such as diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. They are used as soluble or immobilized forms in replacement and detoxification therapies, as scavengers and as antineoplasic drugs, and also for the prevention of clot formation (1). When ...

The photosynthetic membranes of chloroplasts are responsible for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical intermediates. During this process, negatively charged species are formed and water molecules are cleaved. These properties confer to thylakoid membran ...

Immobilization of enzymes on supports is a valuable technique for increasing total productivity and life-span of biocatalysts. Conventionally, enzymes are immobilized on water-insoluble supports, such as polysaccharide derivatives, ion exchange resin, and so on. However, in a h ...

Electrochemical-based enzyme immobilization methods are a convenient way of immobilizing enzymes on microelectrodes, albeit one restricted only to amperometric sensors. They enable the immobilization to be localized at one electrode (the working electrode), frequently o ...

There are several situations in which conventional crosslinking-based immobilization is inadequate in the construction of microelectrodes, for example, when on-wafer deposition (i.e., immobilization on the whole wafer before it is diced up into individual devices) is required, ...

Chemical crosslinking is perhaps the most commonly used method for immobilizing enzymes onto microelectrodes. It is rapid, simple to perform, and has wide applicability. It may be ideal for situations in which surfaces of a few hundred micrometers are to be modified. In principle, the procedu ...

Immobilization is designed to restrict the freedom of movement of an enzyme and, in doing so, places limitations on the enzyme and the biotransformation catalyzed by the enzyme (see Chapter 1). In practical terms, this often means that the normal procedures used for assay of the soluble enzyme act ...

The ability to perform biological studies on natural killer (NK) cells requires effective methods for their isolation from hematopoietic cells of other lineages. NK cells are a discrete lymphocyte subset distinct from B and T cells based on both physical and phenotypic characteristics t ...

The human brain is a highly evolved and complex organ system, consisting of more than 10 billion nerve cells and at least three times as many glial cells. Because of its cellular complexity, it is important to develop technical approaches that allow isolation and study of nerve and glial cells under co ...

The method involved in the establishment of human adult Schwann cell cultures has steadily evolved over the last 20 yr. Unlike the more straightforward methods used with other species (e.g., rat), simple dissociation of human peripheral nerve tissue has been found to result in both very low cell yi ...

The airway epithelium occupies a critical environmental interface, protecting the host from a wide variety of inhaled insults, including chemical and particulate pollutants and pathogens. The coordinated regulation of ion and water transport, mucous secretion, and cilia beati ...

The human lung comprises more than 40 different cell types. The morphology and function of constituent cells of the proximal, conducting airway epithelium differ drastically from those of the more distal, alveolar epithelium. This chapter will concentrate on the isolation and culture of ...

The gastric mucosa assumes several digestive and protective functions including enzyme and mucus secretion, as well as sterilization of the luminal content through the release of hydrochloric acid. Distinct epithelial populations located in specific compartments of the gastr ...

Colorectal cancer, originating in tissues of epithelial origin, is one of the most prolific among human malignant diseases. The prevalence of this disease creates a need for colon epithelial cell lines to facilitate the study of the etiology of this disease and the biochemical and molecular c ...

The liver performs a wide range of physiologically important metabolic functions including the synthesis and secretion of albumin, fibrinogen, and other plasma proteins, the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids, and the metabolism of drugs, steroids, and amino acids. In addition, the ...

The advent of in vitro culture techniques has enabled the culture of homogeneous populations of glomerular mesangial and epithelial cells to aid our understanding of the development of glomerular disease at the cellular level. Advances in our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms ha ...

Keratinocytes are the major cell type of the epidermis, which is the stratified squamous epithelium forming the outermost layer and thus providing the barrier function of the skin. The keratinocytes lie on a highly specialized extracellular matrix structure known as the basement membr ...