细胞功能测定

One of the main advantages of using differential display is the ability to examine simultaneously gene expression in multiple mRNA populations. In other techniques, such as differential screening or subtractive hybridization, only two mRNA populations can be easily examined at the s ...

Cell culture provides powerful models for studying cell biology, but many pathologic states cannot be appropriately studied without tissue-based approaches. We have developed a tissue-based microdissection method for molecular analysis and have chosen premalignant breast ...

Obesity may result from increased calorie consumption, decreased energy expenditure, or both (1). These processes are controlled, at least in part, by the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic dysfunction is important in the development of obesity and it has long been known that lesions in the ventr ...

Use of immobilized enzymes in bioprocesses offers many advantages, including greater productivity because the same enzyme molecules can be used over a long period of time, there is more precise control of the extent of reaction, there is the capability of automation and continuous operati ...

It is well established that many intracellular enzymes are oligomeric with dimers and tetramers being the most common of the possible subunit structures (1,2). Evaluation of the functional significance of the quaternary structure is an important part of the fundamental studies on the ca ...

Viable cells can be immobilized in calcium alginate to improve the volumetric productivity of the fermentation process by increasing the cell numbers per unit of bioreactor volume and using the cells in their most productive growth phase. Also, in a continuous process, immobilization pr ...

The immobilization of enzymes is a technique extensively studied since the late 1960s (1), and the knowledge accumulated on enzyme immobilization studies has grown steadily since then (2–6). Hydrogels are a particular category of support material that can be used for convenient immobil ...

The use of carbon as a support material for enzymes is receiving increasing attention, particularly in the field of enzyme electrodes, in which use is made both of the conducting nature of carbon and the degree of surface chemical reactivity associated with the material. This final considerat ...

Phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel is nontoxic and can be economically feasible for industrial scale applications. The use of PVA for cell immobilization has recently attracted much attention (1–5). In this chapter, we provide details of a novel cell immobilization technique b ...

The lipid bilayers of liposomes are structurally similar to those of biological membranes and are often used as membrane models. Solubilized membrane proteins (transporters, receptors, enzymes, and so on) can be reconstituted into the bilayers (1–3). Interactions between the recons ...

In Chapter 21, we described a method for hepatocyte immobilization in agarose threads that enables perfusion of the cells and facilitates varied biomedical studies on the biochemical properties of hepatocytes. Since the liver is the most important and unique organ in metabolic process ...

Isolated liver cells are extensively used in various studies and find wide applications in the fields of biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, pharmacotoxicology, testing chemical pollutants, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and in other biomedical studies. The imp ...

A major concern in cell and bioactive agent immobilization has been the production of very small microbeads to minimize the mass transfer resistance problem associated with large diameter beads (i.e., 1000 �m) (1). Conventional technology involves production of alginate beads with dia ...

Tissue culture allows the separate establishment of neurons and glia under a variety of conditions of substrate and media. By subsequent recombination of relatively pure cell populations, a number of questions of neuronal development and neuronal-glia interactions, specifical ...

A derivative of the neural crest, sympathetic neurons have been utilized in both in vivo and in vitro studies to approach a number of basic questions concerning the development and function of the nervous system. The superior cervical ganglia (SCG), and particularly the sympathetic chain, can ...

Cultures enriched in spinal somatic motoneurons are useful test systems for delineating the role of trophic factors in motoneuron survival and differentiation (e.g., McManaman et al., 1989, McManaman et al. 1990; Juurlink et al., 1991a; Henderson et al., 1994; Mettling et al., 1995; Kaal et al., 1997). ...

The compartmented culture method has numerous features that make it useful for studies of nerve fiber growth, among which are: 1. Distal axons can be exposed to a different fluid and cellular environment than cell bodies and proximal axons, which is useful for studies o

This chapter is devoted to a simple method for culturing developing rat cerebellum. The method can also be used for rat hippocampus embryonic age 18 d (E18), cerebral cortex (E18), and even spinal cord, but at an earlier stage of development (E14). This method was initially designed to obtain long-term ...

Cells attach to the culture substratum with varying degrees of adherence (see Chapter 18). Cells that must attach to the substratum are referred to as “adhering cells” (anchorage-dependent cells). Cells that do not adhere and grow as cell suspensions in the medium are referred to as “nonadhering ...

Cell enumeration using the hemocytometer is applicable when determining the number of cells in a suspension, and when the number of samples to be analyzed is relatively small. Hemocytometry is also useful for determining the proportion of singly dispersed cells in a suspension, and for esti ...