细胞功能测定

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were first derived and cultured almost 30 years ago and ever since have been valuable tools for creating knockout mice and for studying early mammalian development. More recently (1998), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been derived from blastocy ...

A variety of stem cells, including embryonic, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic stem cells, have been isolated to date, resulting in the current investigation of many therapeutic applications. These stem cells offer a high potential in cell replacement therapies or in the regeneration of o ...

Advances in stem therapy, scaffolds, and therapeutic biomolecules are accelerating bone repair research, and model systems are required to test new methods and concepts. The drill hole defect is one such model and is used to study a variety of bone defects and potential therapies designed to rep ...

Current orthopedic practice to treat osteo-degenerative diseases, such as osteoporosis, calls for antiresorptive therapies and anabolic bone medications. In some cases, surgery, in which metal rods are inserted into the bones, brings symptomatic relief. As these treatments may am ...

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a critical role in the binding and activation of growth factors in cell signal transduction required for biological development. A glycomics approach can be used to examine GAG content, composition, and structure in stem cells in order to characterize the ...

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells derived from the monocyte–macrophage lineage. Bone-forming osteoblasts play a role in the formation of osteoclasts. Osteoblasts/stromal cells express two cytokines essential for osteoclastogenesis: receptor ac ...

The typical characteristics of cartilage and bone tissue are their unique extracellular matrices on which our body relies for structural support. In the respective tissue, the cells that create these matrices are the chondrocyte and the osteoblast. During in vitro differentiation fr ...

Investigation of osteoclastogenesis in vivo, especially in early development, has proven difficult because of the accessibility of these early embryonic stages. Our ability to culture embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro has overcome this difficulty as these versatile cells can be ex ...

Here, we describe the capacity of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells in a three-dimensional (3D) self-assembling peptide scaffold, a synthetic nanofiber biomaterial with future applications in regenerative medicine. We have previo ...

Differentiation procedures leading to osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been established and well upgraded over the past decade. Novel cell-culture conditions, signaling inducers, and chemical modifications of cellular env ...

Mesenchymal stem cells also called mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that can be found in many connective tissues including fat, bone, cartilage, and muscle. We report here a simple method to reproducibly differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in ...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from many tissues including differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Derivation of MSCs from hESCs consists of two major steps: differentiation and isolation. In our hands, differentiation of hESCs towards MSC-enriched ...

This chapter covers the use of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) for enrichment of phosphorylated proteins. Some requirements for successful enrichment of these types of proteins are discussed. An experimental protocol and a set of application data are included ...

The chromatographic support containing monolayers of phospholipids offers novel modes in analyzing and separating proteins. The polar choline headroups on immobilized phosphatidylcholine were used for the affinity purification of phospholipase A (PLA). The purificati ...

Analysis of protein interactions by means of capillary electrophoresis (CE) has unique challenges and rewards. The choice of analysis conditions, especially involving electrophoresis buffers, are crucial and not universal for protein analysis. If conditions for analysis can be ...

Biomolecule separation and purification has until very recently steadfastly remained one of the more empirical aspects of modern biotechnology. Affinity chromatography, one of several types of adsorption chromatography, is particularly suited for the efficient isolation ...

Differential display (DD) is one of the most commonly used approaches for identifying differentially expressed genes. Despite the great impact of the method on biomedical research, there has been a lack of automation of DD technology to increase its throughput and accuracy for a systematic ...

The sperm acrosome reaction (AR) is an exocytotic event that involves multiple fusions between the outer acrosomal membrane and the overlying plasma membrane. It must occur before the spermatozoon penetrates the zona pellucida (ZP) (1). This exocytotic event is mandatory for fertiliz ...

Sea urchin spermatozoa provide an excellent model system for studying the signal transduction events underlying the acrosome reaction (1,2). Adults can be collected from tide pools, subtidally by SCUBA diving, or purchased from biological supply companies. When adults are injected w ...

Sea urchin eggs have been used for over a century to study fertilization, cell division, cell differentiation, and embryo development. This system provides excellent and abundant material to investigate the basic mechanisms underlying germ cell functions and to explore tools that fac ...