细胞功能测定

Microscopy studies of oxidative stress have often consisted of only immunocytochemical localization or only cytochemical localization studies. However, correlative studies on the same sections provide more useful data in interpreting oxidative and nitrosative stress. C ...

Atherosclerosis is associated with dysfunctional HDL, and oxidation of HDL is thought to give rise to HDL becoming dysfunctional. Lipoprotein oxidation represents a complex series of processes that can be assessed by various methods. In general, oxidation mediated by 1-electron or ra ...

High performance liquid chromatography/electron spin resonance/mass spectrometry (HPLC/ EPR/MS) analyses of radicals is performed for the reaction mixture of 13-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (13ZE-OOH) with ferrous ions under an aerobic condition, ...

Mitochondrial superoxide (O2 •–) production is an important mediator of oxidative cellular injury and pathogenesis of many diseases such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. The O2 •– generated in mitochondria acts as a redox signal triggering cellular events including apoptos ...

Medicinal drugs do not always have clearly understood mechanisms of action, especially as regards psychiatric treatment. Identification of genes involved in drug resistance is an important step toward elucidating the genetic basis of disease and the molecular mechanism of drug act ...

Dictyostelium discoideum is a molecularly amenable host model system for several human pathogens, including Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium marinum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Dictyostelium wild-type cells ...

Intercellular signaling mediated by cAMP plays a pivotal role in coordinating cell movement into aggregates at the early stage of Dictyostelium development when the extracellular level of cAMP periodically changes at 6- to 7-min intervals. We have shown that MAP kinase ERK2 is activated v ...

This chapter describes biochemical assays with which to analyze signal transduction from surface cAMP receptors via G proteins to the effector enzymes adenylyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, and phospholipase C. The cAMP-mediated formation of the second messengers cAMP, cGMP, and Ins(1 ...

Research on Dictyostelium has a long history, the trend of which has been to add cell biology, natural products, evolutionary biology research to the traditional studies of development. The methods presented here and the recent publication of the genome present vast new opportunities.

The chemotactic signal in Dictyostelium is a cAMP wave that is relayed over relatively large distances through a cell population during aggregation. Cells exhibit unique behaviors in response to the different spatial, temporal, and concentration components of the cAMP wave, suggest ...

A method for the integration of linear DNA into the Dictyostelium genome is described. Restriction enzyme-mediated integration, or REMI, involves the transformation of cells with a mixture of plasmid DNA, linearized with a restriction enzyme, along with a restriction enzyme that is capa ...

Dictyostelium slug phototaxis and thermotaxis are readily assayed phenotypes that reflect with great sensitivity and specificity the interactions of environmental stimuli with morphogenetic signaling systems controlling the collective movement of slug cells. Metho ...

Normally, vegetative Dictyostelium grow as haploid cells. Occasionally, two haploid cells fuse together during normal growth, forming a diploid cell containing both parental sets of chromosomes within a single nucleus. The diploid state is reasonably stable, and the growth, develo ...

While spontaneous differentiation is an undesired feature of expanding populations of embryonic stem cells, a variety of methods have been described for their intended differentiation into specialized cell types, such as the osteoblast or chondrocyte. Most commonly, different ...

A large-scale stirred culture system for the expansion of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in spinner flasks under serum-free conditions was established using macroporous microcarriers for cell attachment and growth. This type of microcarrier was chosen as it potentially offers m ...

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from somatic cells can self-renew while maintaining their pluripotency to differentiate into virtually all cell types. In addition to their potential for regenerative medicine, hESCs and ...

The distinctive properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) enable them to provide unique models to study the network of signaling pathways that regulate organogenesis, generate disease models, produce cells and tissues for therapies, and identify new drugs for treatment. Gene ...

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells derived from preimplantation embryos and can be maintained in an undifferentiated state over prolonged periods in vitro. In addition, ESCs can be induced to differentiate into cells representative of the three primary germ layers. As su ...

Realizing the potential that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold, both for the advancement of biomedical science and the development of new treatments for many human disorders, will be greatly facilitated by the introduction of standardized methods for assessing and altering the b ...

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells derived from the embryo at the blastocyst stage. Their embryonic origin confers upon them the capacity to proliferate indefinitely in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into a large variety of cell types. Based ...