细胞功能测定

Isolation, quantification, and genetic analysis of circulating plasma DNA have clinical applications in prenatal diagnosis, oncology, organ transplantation, posttrauma monitoring, and infectious disease. Recent technology has allowed the rapid isolation and purific ...

Cell-free fetal DNA can be detected in the blood plasma of pregnant women as early as 5 wk into pregnancy. At present noninvasive prenatal diagnosis has already begun to impact clinical practice. The established applications are for the determination of fetal sex and rhesus D blood group when the m ...

Accurate detection of gene sequences in single cells is the ultimate challenge to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sensitivity. Unfortunately, commonly used conventional and real-time PCR techniques are often too unreliable at that level to provide the accuracy needed for clinical d ...

The ErbB2/HER2 receptors are aberrantly expressed in certain mammary epithelial cancers. A recent study has shown that in a subset of these breast cancers, the HER2 receptors contribute to increased cell surface levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which in turn results in increased met ...

Cell motility is now recognized as central to many biological processes. Growth factors, such as those that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), drive biochemically and biologically distinct subsets of migration critical for (neo)organogenesis and tumor invas ...

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a ligand for the EGF receptor, a member of the erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Activation of EGF receptor by EGF or other high-affinity ligands often results in increased migration of cells in physiological and pathological situations. There are num ...

The evaluation of cell proliferation can be accomplished by several methods. The number of cells can be determined directly by counting manually (e.g., hemocytometer) or automatically (e.g., Coulter counter or flow cytometer). The amount of DNA, which reflects the number of cells or the stage of ...

Since the isolation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) from mouse submaxillary glands in the early 1950s by Cohen and coworkers, this growth factor has been shown to have various effects on numerous cellular systems. The biological and physiological role that EGF plays during development and ...

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) represents one of the most promising molecular targets in cancer therapeutics. An array of EGFR inhibitory drugs have been developed that are progressing rapidly in oncology clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview of EGFR inhibi ...

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor possesses intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity, and both overexpressed wild-type and mutated forms have been associated with many types of cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that modulate receptor activity and ...

This chapter provides basic information for quantifying soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) isoforms in human sera using an acridinium-linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) developed by Baron and coworkers (1). This ALISA has been shown to be specific for epidermal grow ...

Besides stimulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phospholipase Cγ, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascades, in certain tissues and cells such as the heart, partotid gland, and luteal cells, activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor also stimulates s ...

Sprouty was first discovered through its downregulatory effect on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor pathway during tracheal development. Sprouty expression is also induced by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) cascade in some tissues, including the follicle cel ...

Interreceptor cross-talk has emerged as a general concept in cellular signaling cascades. Therein epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signal transactivation represents the so far best investigated cross-talk mechanism comprising heterogeneous receptor families. ...

Growth factor receptors, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), stimulate a variety of signal transduction pathways upon binding a ligand molecule at the cell surface. Desensitization of signaling initiates when active receptors are recruited to clathrin-coated re ...

Recently the life cycles of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have become a focus of signal transduction research. Ligand-induced ubiquitination of RTKs followed by their internalization and degradation has, in particular, been extensively studied. This chapter describes the ba ...

All ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are made as membrane anchored precursors that can be proteolytically processed and released from the plasma membrane. This process, which is referred to as protein ectodomain shedding, is emerging as a key regulator of the function of ...

Oxidative stress (OS) is linked to the development of human diseases. Early identification of OS-associated diseases is essential in the control of their progression and treatment. Efforts have been undertaken to identify reliable endogenous markers, which correlate with the prog ...

The nitration of protein tyrosine residues represents an important posttranslational modification during development, oxidative stress, and biological aging. The major challenge in the proteomic analysis of nitroproteins is the need to discriminate modified proteins, us ...

During the last few years, reliable and simple tests have been proposed to estimate oxidative stress in vivo. Many of them can be easily adapted to automated analyzers, permitting the simultaneous processing of a large number of samples in a greatly reduced time, avoiding manual sample and reage ...