细胞功能测定

Lipids from dietary sources or from de novo synthesis are transported while bound to proteins to other tissues where they are used for cell membrane synthesis or stored for energy generation. In cell membranes or in plasma, lipids can undergo several modifications that are important in cell fun ...

Despite an increasing recognition of the causative and diagnostic role of lipids in the onset and progression of retinal disease, information on the global lipid profile of the normal retina is quite limited. Here, a “shotgun” tandem mass spectrometry approach involving the use of multiple l ...

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) is an omega-3 fatty acid with a 22 carbon acyl chain containing six cis double bonds and is predominantly found in membrane glycerophospholipids. Dietary consumption of DHA has been positively linked with the prevention of numerous pathologies and cons ...

Contamination from subcellular organelles and myelin has hindered attempts to characterize the lipidome of brain mitochondria. A high degree of mitochondrial purity is required for accurate measurements of the content and molecular species composition of mitochondrial lip ...

Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) can provide rapid, sensitive determinations of lipids from small tissue samples in both single determinations and automated high-throughput assays. MALDI-TOF MS is a sensiti ...

Eicosanoids are oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. Detection and quantification of these compounds are of great interest because they play important roles in a number of significant diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive ...

Applications of tandem mass spectrometry in the field of lipid clinical chemistry are considered. Haemato�logical and biochemical advantages are presented favoring the choice of red blood cell membranes as a starting material in a wide variety of biomedical fields. Practical consi ...

Subversion of the host response to virus infection is a universal theme of virology and viral immunology. Multiple mechanisms are in place to limit virus spread on behalf of the host, yet through evolution, viruses have adapted to either weaken or eliminate the effects of these host factors. Cell de ...

Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process of cell suicide that plays an important role in animal development and in maintaining homeostasis. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be an excellent model organism for studying the mechanisms controlling apoptosis and ...

Drosophila is a powerful model system for the identification of cell death genes and understanding the role of cell death in development. In this chapter, we describe three methods typically used for the detection of cell death in Drosophila. The TUNEL and acridine orange methods are used to dete ...

Accumulating evidence suggests that yeasts are capable of undergoing programmed cell death (PCD) to benefit long-term survival of the species, and that yeast and mammals may share at least partially conserved PCD pathways. In our experience, mammalian apoptosis assays have not been rea ...

One of the hallmarks of development is that many more cells are produced than are ultimately needed for organogenesis. In the case of striated skeletal muscle, large numbers of myoblasts are generated in the somites and then migrate to take up residence in the limbs and the trunk. A subset of these cells f ...

Acute myocardial infarction represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western societies. Importantly, both apoptosis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes have been implicated in the pathomechanism of myocardial infarction. The simplest way to analyze apoptos ...

In mammalian cells, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathways may be investigated using a variety of biochemical, molecular, and genetic approaches. Retrovirus mediated genetic screens have proven a powerful tool in mapping out the network of players in a number of signaling pathways. We ha ...

Apoptosis occurs in the nervous system during normal development, but can also be induced by disease or after exogenous insults such as DNA damage. Depending on the magnitude and timing of the stimulus, apoptosis can be sporadic or widespread. Because of the highly ordered structure of the nervo ...

Mammalian development is dependent on an intricate orchestration of cell proliferation and death. Deregulation in the levels, localization, and type of cell death can lead to disease and even death of the developing embryo. The mechanisms involved in such deregulation are many; alterat ...

Cells undergo apoptosis during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease, and are rapidly cleared by both professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. In the whole animal, this process is remarkably efficient and usually goes unnoticed. It is estimated that 2 � 1011 cells are clear ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs whose hallmarks are the very short sequences and the ability to repress the translation and/or transcription of target genes. miRNAs can have diverse functions, including regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and embryog ...

There is an increasing evidence that uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a recently identified molecular sensor and suppressor of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an important role in �regulating apoptosis in different cell systems. A great technical difficulty that m ...

In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves many specialized functions including bio-synthesis and assembly of membrane and secretory proteins, calcium storage and production of lipids and sterols. As a plant for protein folding and posttranslational modifica ...