细胞功能测定

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. The mature miRNAs are loaded into Argonaute-containing protein complexes (miRISC, miRNA Induced S  ilencing Complex), and guide these complexes to the 3′ UTR of t ...

Small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene silencing constitutes a powerful tool for the molecular characterization� of a given gene. The RNAi technology has been largely used for this purpose. This approach is based on the cloning of an inverted repeated fragment of the gene to be silenced. Even when this app ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNA molecules that have come to attract considerable interest for their roles in animal and plant development and disease. One means to study miRNA function in animal development is to create mutations. Use of gene-targeting strategies based on ends-out h ...

Here, we detail a protocol to design and introduce sequence-specific cholesterol-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides into mouse organ culture. We review design principles for “antagomirs”, antisense oligos with a cholesterol-moiety modification at the 3′, and present an o ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and play a critical role in many important biological processes and pathological development. In the past few years, miRNAs have been implicated to play an importa ...

Small RNAs (sRNAs) have made a large impact on many recent scientific discoveries. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of sRNA molecule and, although usually just 20–22 nucleotides in length, they are potent regulators of gene expression. Therefore, identification of miRNAs and profiling their a ...

A variety of physiological processes are associated with changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression. Analysis of miRNA has been applied to study normal physiology as well as diseased states including cancer. One major challenge in miRNA research is to accurately and practically determine ...

Small RNAs (sRNAs) play fundamental roles in modifying the transcriptomes and proteomes of organisms. sRNAs can be classified according to their origin and way of action into classes such as microRNAs, trans-acting siRNAs, heterochromatin siRNAs, Piwi-interacting RNAs, and natural ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, about 21 nucleotides in length, non-coding, regulatory RNA molecules representing a new layer in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. Spatial and temporal analysis of miRNA accumulation by in situ analyses is the prerequisite of unders ...

The detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) in situ presents several technical challenges. Although protocols for mRNA detection by in situ hybridization are well established, the small size of miRNAs makes their localization problematic. To overcome this, digoxygenin-labeled locked n ...

The vascular endothelium was, in the past, considered to be relatively pas- sive, merely acting as a filter between the blood and the vessel wall. It is now clear that endothelial cells actively contribute to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Endothelial cells synthesize and secrete ac ...

Cell culture is one of the major tools of cell biologists. It has also become an integral part of the daily routine of most oncology laboratories for the purpose of karyotyping, chemoresistance testing, or basic research. It provides investigators with an opportunity to investigate many cell ...

Human brain neoplasms comprise a highly heterogeneous and biologically diverse group of tumors, the most common and most malignant of which are those of neuroepithelial origin (1) Despite intensive research, little is still understood about the cellular and molecular processes inv ...

Human adipose stromal cells provide an excellent model for studying a variety of metabolic processes in an in vitro system These are normal cells derived from subcutaneous or omental adipose tissue. Under specific culture condition, they will differentiate without replication into c ...

The human epidermis consists of a heterogeneous population of cells including keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation, Merkel cells, melanocytes, and Langerhans’ cells (LC). The latter account for only around l–3% of the epidermal population, but they represent the major a ...

Cell cultures are widely used in both medical and biotechnical research centers, industries, and also as diagnostic tools in a clinical setting It has been reported that up to 50% of cell cultures are contaminated with mycoplasmas (1). Mycoplasma contamination may alter cellular growth cha ...

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a layer of multipotential cells of neural ectoderm origin lying between Bruch’s membrane and the neural retina. The RPE subserves several essential ocular functions, including phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments, maintenan ...

The outer root sheath (ORS) of hair follicles is a multilayered tissue made up predominantly by undifferentiated keratinocytes (it1, it2) Although the functions of the ORS cells for hair growth are not established, it is known that the ORS cells can contribute to the regeneration of the epidermi ...

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane of the eye. It is a delicate transparent epithelium with its own stroma overlying the tough white sclera, which forms the ball of the eye. Only at the circular limbus, where the sclera meets the transparent cornea, and at the eyelids, is the conjunctiva firmly attac ...

Keratocytes, or cornea1 fibroblasts, are the primary cell type of the cornea1 stroma. They lie between and are oriented parallel to the orthogonally arranged collagen lamellae, forming a continuous interconnecting cellular network that has been hypothesized to transmit informat ...