细胞功能测定

The morphogenesis of ectodermal organs is regulated by epithelial mesenchymal interactions mediated by conserved signaling molecules. Analyzing the roles of these molecules will increase our understanding of mechanisms regulating organogenesis, and organ culture meth ...

Urothelial cells line the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, superior urethra, and the central ducts of the prostate. They are highly specialized epithelial cell types possessing unique features, imparting important functional roles in the urinary system. ...

Basic and translational (or preclinical) prostate cancer research has traditionally been conducted with a limited repertoire of immortalized cell lines, which have homogeneous phenotypes and have adapted to long-term tissue culture. Primary cell culture provides a model system ...

It has been more than 30 years since the serial cultivation of human keratinocytes in monolayer culture was first described by Rheinwald and Green. Initially, isolation of primary keratinocytes from disaggregated human skin tissue and subsequent propagation was promoted through use ...

The pulmonary alveolar epithelium, comprised of alveolar Type I (TI) and Type II (TII) cells, covers more than 99% of the internal surface area of the lungs. The study of isolated and cultured alveolar epithelial TI and TII cells has provided a large amount of information about the functions of both cell t ...

Cultured mouse epidermal keratinocytes provide a powerful model for studying epidermal proliferation, differentiation, pathogenesis, and oncogenic transformation. Primary mouse keratinocytes can be isolated from newborn mice, and their growth and differentiation c ...

Organs are made of the organized assembly of different cell types that contribute to the architecture necessary for functional differentiation. In those with exocrine function, such as the breast, cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions establish mechanist ...

The mammary gland is an ideal “model organism” for studying tissue specificity and gene expression in mammals: it is one of the few organs that develop after birth and it undergoes multiple cycles of growth, differentiation and regression during the animal’s lifetime in preparation for the imp ...

The thymus organ is composed of a three-dimensional (3D) network of adjoining epithelium and stromal cells. Bone marrow-derived T cell precursors, upon entering the thymus, interact with and migrate through this cellular network as they differentiate and mature. An essential compone ...

Liver regenerates after hepatectomy or chemical-induced injury. In contrast to cells in other tissues that can regenerate, mature cells (hepatocytes), but not undifferentiated stem cells, are mainly responsible for acute liver regeneration. Liver stem cells take part in liver rege ...

The liver is the largest internal organ in mammals, serving a wide spectrum of vital functions. Loss of liver function due to drug toxicity or viral infection is a major cause of death in the United States. The development of Bioartificial Liver (BAL) devices and the demand for pharmaceutical and cosm ...

Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the biliary tract and are also known as biliary epithelial cells (BECs). In vitro culture studies of BECs in correlation with tissue section examination may give us a comprehensive analysis of biliary tract diseases. Herein, we discuss genetic ...

The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly self-renewing tissue in adult mammals. We have recently shown that Lgr5 (Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor) is expressed in intestinal stem cells by an in vivo genetic lineage tracing strategy. In the past, extensi ...

Drosophila epithelial research is at the forefront of the field; however, there are no well-characterized epithelial cell lines that could provide a complementary in vitro model for studies conducted in vivo. Here, a protocol is described that produces epithelial cell lines. The method us ...

The kidney is a highly heterogeneous organ that is responsible for fluid and electrolyte balance. Much interest is focused on determining the function of specific renal epithelial cells in humans, which can only be accomplished through the isolation and growth of nephron segment-speci ...

The female reproductive system is a complex system. Epithelia of the female reproductive system including the ovaries, the oviduct, and the uterus are important sites for follicular development, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and embryo development. They are also able to s ...

Most of the human aneuploidies have a maternal origin. This feature makes the study of human female meiosis a fundamental topic to understand the reasons leading to this important social problem. Unfortunately, due to sample collection difficulties, not many studies have been performed on ...

The basidiomycete fungus Coprinus cinereus has naturally synchronous meiosis and is amenable to analysis using an array of well-developed genetic and molecular tools. In this chapter, we explain in detail the two methods most commonly employed for C. cinereus, staining of intact gill seg ...

In most eukaryotes, meiotic crossovers (COs) are non-randomly placed along the bivalents, such that the presence of a CO reduces the probability of additional COs nearby. This phenomenon, named CO interference, was originally defined genetically, but can also be analyzed cytologically ...

A complex meiotic differentiation program generates genetically diverse haploid cells (gametes or spores) to compensate for the genome doubling that occurs at fertilization. To this end, homologous chromosomes must undergo pairing and recombination before they become parti ...