细胞功能测定

The B-RAF kinase is a downstream effector of the RAS family of proto-oncogenes and is constitutively activated in the majority of human melanomas. The common oncogenic B-RAFV600E mutant cooperates with additional genetic lesions to transform immortal murine and human cells. In primary ...

Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive, nondestructive tool for capturing multiplexed biochemical information across diverse molecular species including proteins, lipids, DNA, and mineralizations. Based on light scattering from molecules, cells, and tissues, it is possible to ...

It has been 50 years since cellular senescence was first described in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), yet its mechanism as well as its physiological and clinical implications are still not fully appreciated. Recent progress suggests that cellular senescence is a collective phenoty ...

Physical and emotional stress, metabolic alterations, carcinogenesis or inflammation are conditions that can trigger oxidative stress, which is defined as a balance shift of redox reactions towards oxidation, resulting in the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are cont ...

Protein carbonylation is the most commonly used measure of oxidative modification of proteins. It is most often measured spectrophotometrically or immunochemically by derivatizing proteins with the classical carbonyl reagent 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). We prese ...

Countless studies have implicated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction in the ageing process. During cellular senescence, the ultimate and irreversible loss of replicative capacity of somatic cells grown in culture, several studies have reported incre ...

Gene mutations that cause defects in the nuclear envelope are responsible for progeroid syndromes, characterized by exacerbated cell senescence and accelerated aging. Consequently, morphological abnormalities of the nucleus represent a cellular phenotype whose analys ...

Most methods for examining telomere functionality have relied on measurements of telomeric DNA by hybridization or quantitative PCR. While these techniques yield measures of telomeric DNA length, they generate whole-population results. However, telomeric DNA lengths on diff ...

The enzyme telomerase is activated in 80–90% of all human malignancies and immortal cell lines, where it functions to maintain the integrity of chromosomal-end structures called telomeres. Telomerase enzyme activity can be detected in whole cell lysates by a polymerase chain reaction ( ...

Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest, accompanied by and in most cases driven by a persistent DNA damage response (DDR), which may be activated by uncapped telomeres or other forms of DNA damage. DNA damage foci, therefore, are an important part of the signaling pathway th ...

One of the most prominent features of cellular senescence, a stress response that prevents the propagation of cells that have accumulated potentially oncogenic alterations, is a permanent loss of proliferative potential. Thus, at odds with quiescent cells, which resume proliferat ...

Approaches based on the combination of mass spectrometry (MS) and quantitative methods have the potential to generate unbiased, thorough proteomic catalogues. In particular, stable isotope labeling with amino acid in cell culture (SILAC) has been used to perform highly accurate qua ...

Cellular senescence suppresses cancer by eliminating potentially oncogenic cells, participates in tissue repair, contributes to cancer therapy, and promotes organismal aging. Numerous activities of senescent cells depend on the aptitude of these cells to secrete myriads of bi ...

Selection and cloning are essential but often laborious and time-consuming steps during the generation of hybridomas and genetically modified cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies or other proteins with desired properties. Methods for the simultaneous selection and c ...

T regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses and therefore have potential to be used in the clinic as a cellular therapy for autoimmune disease and to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. Obtaining sufficient numbers of these cells for therapeutic use is a challenge, however, ...

T cells typically differentiate via a series of coordinated steps within the highly specialized microenvironment of the thymus. Traditionally, human T-lymphopoiesis in vitro has been studied using the hybrid human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture system. Pioneering work by McCu ...

Fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC) is a unique and powerful culture system that allows intrathymic T-lymphocyte development in vitro. T-cell development in FTOC well represents fetal thymocyte development in vivo. Here we describe the basic method for FTOC as well as several related techn ...

In the past decade, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used routinely in detecting molecular abnormalities in the interphase and metaphase stages of the cell cycle. Many of the molecular anomalies which are detected in this manner are diagnostic of a prenatal, postnatal, or ne ...

Cytogenetic analysis is performed on cell cultures for several reasons, notably, to perform identity checks by verifying species of origin or the retention of key chromosome rearrangements in cell lines described previously. De novo chromosome analysis is usually performed when ch ...

Inter- and intraspecies cross-contaminations (CCs) of human and animal cells represent a chronic problem in cell cultures leading to false data. Microsatellite loci in the human genome harboring short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers allow individualization of cell lines at the DNA level. ...