细胞功能测定

Mitochondria play a very important role in cellular function, not only through key metabolic reactions and energy generation, but also by being a major site for production of reactive oxygen species and a key player in cell death. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction or damage may have severe ...

The upregulation of stress proteins is an important step in the cellular defense against various endogenous and exogenous stressors, and the stress response systems are therefore essential to cell maintenance and survival. In order to evaluate the cellular capability to cope with exog ...

The ambition to measure all or at least a significant fraction of relevant molecules in a cell culture or tissue sample has reached possible realization with the development of the so-called OMICS technologies. We will here briefly review current technologies and give examples of their appl ...

In the cell, the binding of ubiquitin to abnormal or misfolded proteins marks them for degradation by the proteasome or lysosome via autophagy. Ubiquitinated-protein aggregates form when an increase in protein misfolding exceeds the degradation capacity of the cell. Many cellular str ...

The proteasome is an important component of the intracellular system for the turnover of proteins. Themammalian proteasome is engaged to degrade a bulky fraction of soluble intracellular proteins both in an ubiquitin-dependent and independent manner. The proteasome is composed by a ...

Two major proteolysis systems, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the autophagy-lysosome system, contribute to degradation of various types of protein and/or protein aggregates. In general, the autophagy-lysosome system is involved in bulk intracellular degradation of p ...

In polyglutamine diseases including Huntington’s disease, the causative gene products containing expanded polyglutamine form nuclear aggregates in neurons. Recent studies have identified several transcriptional factors, which interact with and are sequestered by exp ...

Aberrantly folded proteins and peptides are hallmarks of amyloid diseases. A deeper knowledge of the pathways leading to the formation of amyloid protein aggregates and of the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity is fundamental for a better understanding of several human diseases with am ...

The significance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as aggravating or primary factors in numerous pathologies is widely recognized, with mitochondria being considered the major intracellular source of ROS. It is not yet possible to routinely measure mitochondrial ROS in animals or cul ...

Mitochondria are the major producers of free radical oxygen species (ROS) as well as the major target of oxidative damage. Defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes can increase ROS production and reduce ROS removal, leading to oxidative modification of proteins, lipid ...

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant in aerobic cells, present in micromolar (μM) �concentrations in bodily fluids and in millimolar (mM) concentrations in tissue. GSH is critical for protecting the brain from oxidative stress, acting as a free radical scavenger and inhibi ...

Mitochondria play a number of important roles, including production of ATP for the generation of energy, involvement in the regulation of excitotoxicity, involvement in the homeostasis of intracellular Ca2+, production of reactive oxygen species, and the release of cytochrome c, a pot ...

Cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage lineage are in general highly resistant to peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species extensively produced by these and other cell types under inflammatory conditions. Resistance is not dependent on the scavenging of peroxynitrite b ...

A central part of the research in protein misfolding and its associated disorders is the development of treatment strategies based on ensuring cellular protein homeostasis. This often includes testing chemical substances or drugs for their ability to counteract protein misfoldi ...

Increasing stability of functional proteins by binding small compounds and ions has long been used to extend shelf-life of protein formulations in the pharmacological and biotechnological industry. Likewise, the therapeutic application of small molecules for in vivo recovery a ...

The vector-mediated introduction of cDNA into mammalian cells by calcium phosphate co-precipitation or permeation with lipofectamine is widely used for the integration of cDNA into genomic DNA. Such integration, however, of cDNA occurs randomly at unpredictable sites in the host’s c ...

Claudins are the most important components of the tight junctions at the interface of the basolateral and apical membranes of polarized epithelial and endothelial cells. They determine the barrier properties of cell–cell contact existing between two neighboring cells and regulate ...

Claudin-5 is a transmembrane tight junction protein highly expressed in brain endothelial cells, the site of the blood–brain barrier. The properties of the brain endothelial tight junction complex are considered to be dependent on claudin-5 cell–cell interaction, putting this prot ...

It is apparent that claudins are involved in signalling to and from cellular tight junctions (TJs) and control cell behaviour such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Methods to identify and measure specific claudins in TJs would, therefore, be useful to monitor TJ structu ...

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has become a major focus of attention in cerebral pathophysiology and disease progression in the central nervous system. Endothelial tight junctions, the basal lamina, and perivascular astrocytes are jointly referred to as BBB or neurovascular unit. Aro ...