前沿科技及其它

Prostate cancer is a heterogenous neoplasm that is palliatively treated with androgen ablation therapy. Endocrine therapy aims to block the androgen receptor (AR), which has a central role in the transmission of extracellular signals and is therefore responsible for regulating pro ...

Gene macro- and microarrays have become an increasingly popular tool to investigate gene expression patterns by simultaneously analyzing the expression of thousands of genes in a single experiment. Through careful array design and appropriate analytical tools, one can relate gene ...

High-throughput DNA analysis has generated a wealth of information on predicted gene products and resulted in databases containing the complete genome sequences from several organisms. However, a comprehensive functional interpretation of this huge amount of nucleic acid seq ...

Understanding the development and function of the prostate requires elucidation of the mechanisms through which genes are specifically activated in the prostate and the means by which they are regulated. Studies of development in many systems has led to a model showing that control of gene e ...

Prostate cancer (PC) is now the second most common cause of death from cancer in men after lung cancer (1). Brachytherapy, prostatectomy, or external beam radiation can effect a cure, with a life expectancy of at least 10 yr at diagnosis (2). Survival depends on the disease being organ confined, specimen ...

Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer diagnosed in Western populations. Autopsy studies have shown that with increasing age, the majority of men will develop microscopic foci of cancer (often termed “latent” prostate cancer) and that this is true in populations that are at both high and l ...

Gliomas account for more than 70% of all brain tumors, and of these, glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant histologic type (World Health Organization grade IV). There is a tendency toward a higher incidence of gliomas in highly developed, industrialized countries. Some reports ind ...

In this chapter, we discuss statistical methods for various study designs that are commonly used in epidemiological research and particularly in cancer epidemiological research. After a brief review of basic concepts in epidemiological studies, statistical methods for case-co ...

Race and ethnicity are increasing used in cancer research to assess differences in cancer incidence and response to therapy. In this chapter, we discuss the measurement and methodologic issues that should be addressed to minimize bias and derive valid estimates when performing such asse ...

Study design in understanding gene—environment interaction plays a crucial role. Different study designs with their advantages and limitations are described in this chapter. Gene penetrance has been studied in several cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. Compared wi ...

Cancer cells are characterized by epigenetic dysregulation, including global genome hypomethylation, regional hypo- and hypermethylation, histone modifications, and disturbed genomic imprinting. These alterations can be used as markers in cancer epidemiology to assess ...

Regression modeling is one of the most important statistical techniques used in analytical epidemiology. By means of regression models the effect of one or several explanatory variables (e.g., exposures, subject characteristics, risk factors) on a response variable such as mortali ...

ATP (energy production) production is not the only function of the mitochondria. Mitochondria perform multiple cellular functions. Among others, these functions include control of cell death, growth, devel opment, integration of signals from mitochondria to nucleus and nucleus to ...

Many studies have suggested that adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase (ADPRT), X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1), and xeroderma pigmentosum complementary group D (XPD) are three major DNA base excision repair (BER) genes and that they act interactively in stimulat ...

Esophageal cancer is a significant worldwide health problem because of its poor prognosis and high incidence in certain parts of the world. Tobacco smoke and alcohol consumption are significant risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, whereas frequent gastroesophag ...

The specific causes of prostate cancer are not known. However, multiple etiologic factors, including genetic profile, metabolism of steroid hormones, nutrition, chronic inflammation, family history of prostate cancer, and environmental exposures are thought to play signific ...

In 1994, the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) was identified as the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KSHV has since been associated with two additional malignancies: primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. In this chapter, we d ...

Nearly 40 years have passed since the publication of the first report showing higher cancer risks in recipients of organ transplants. Thereafter, studies carried out in immunosuppressed persons have greatly expanded our knowledge on the spectrum of cancers associated with infectio ...

Because mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV; the Bittner virus) is the proven cause of breast cancer in both field and experimental mice, similar viruses have long been suspects as a potential cause of human breast cancer. MMTV-like viral genetic material has been identified in human breast tumors, b ...

In a worldwide scenario, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the second leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women due to its very close association with cervical cancer. More than 100 different types of HPV genotypes have been characterized to date. Among th ...