前沿科技及其它

Effective cancer therapy remains one of the most challenging tasks to the scientific community, with little advancement on overall cancer survival landscape during the last two decades. A major limitation inherent to most conventional anticancer chemotherapeutic agents is their ...

Nanotechnology is actively being used to develop promising diagnostics and therapeutics tools for the treatment of cancer and many other diseases. The unique properties of nanomaterials offer an exciting frontier of possibilities for biomedical researchers and scientists. Be ...

A wide variety of bioimaging techniques (e.g., ultrasound, computed X-ray tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography) are commonly employed for clinical diagnostics and scientific research. While all of these methods use a characteristic “en ...

Gold nanocages are hollow nanostructures with porous walls that can be simply prepared via the galvanic replacement reaction between silver nanocubes and chloroauric acid. Their optical resonance peaks can be precisely tuned into the near-infrared region, in which the adsorption c ...

Cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States and contributes to yearly rising health care costs. Current methods of treating cancer involve surgical removal of easily accessible tumors, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. These methods do not always result in full treatment of the ...

Gold nanorods (GNRs) are strongly absorbing at near-infrared (NIR) frequencies and can be employed as multifunctional agents for biological imaging and theragnostics. GNRs can support nonlinear optical microscopies based on two-photon-excited luminescence and can enhance t ...

One of the renowned nanosized pharmaceutical carriers for delivery of poorly soluble drugs, especially, in cancer, is micelles, which are self-assembled colloidal particles with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell. Among the micelle-forming compounds, micelles made of poly ...

This chapter describes the practical aspects of performing cytogenetic studies in a variety of lymphoid disorders, including the lymphomas, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and other chronic lymphoproliferative diseases. They are also required for studies of ...

This chapter describes the background to cytogenetic studies in lymphoid disorders other than common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); these include the less primitive kinds of ALL, such as T-cell ALL and B-cell ALL, all kinds of lymphoma, the chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, a ...

It is well recognized that malignant cells from acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) generally yield less satisfactory metaphases for analysis than cells from other diseases when standard laboratory processes are applied, in spite of the fact that karyotypically normal cells from ...

Cytogenetic analysis is an important aid in the classification of hematological disorders. Most types of leukemia display either numerical chromosomal abnormalities or structural rearrangements, mainly translocations. Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities, which a ...

Unlike the situation in acute myeloid leukemia, in which there are at least eight morphological French-American-British (FAB) subtypes identified by the predominant cell cytology, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there are only three (1). Furthermore, for most practical purp ...

Malignant myeloid disorders have broadly similar responses to cytogenetic techniques and many have similar chromosome abnormalities. Included are diseases that are frankly malignant, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and some that may be regarded as premalignant, such as the my ...

Chromosomes are prepared from dividing cells (mitoses), as at metaphase, just before division, they shorten and become recognizable, discrete units. The cells are arrested and accumulated in metaphase or prometaphase by destroying (e.g., with colcemid) the mitotic spindle which would ...

The techniques for obtaining chromosomes from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes for constitutional studies have been standardized to give consistent, reproducible results in almost all cases. It is therefore possible to refine and define a protocol that can be c ...

Cancer registries provide systematically collected information on cancer incidence, prevalence, mortality, and survival of different cancers. Aggregated and de-identified patient-level information on cancer is available for analysis from individual cancer registr ...

It is only since the 1950s that most of the epidemiology studies on cancer have been conducted. The principal study designs for epidemiologic study of cancer etiology are case-control and cohort studies. These study designs have complimentary roles and distinct advantages and disadvan ...

Profiling of differentially expressed proteins is perhaps the most important and useful approach in developing tools for risk assessment in a population, diagnostic screening, and therapeutics. Proteomic markers have potential for identifying individuals at high risk of deve ...

Anthrax toxin is a three-part toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, consisting of protective antigen (PrAg), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). To intoxicate host mammalian cells, PrAg, the cell-binding moiety of the toxin, binds to cells and is then proteolytically activated by furin ...

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using radiolabeled antibodies or its fragments holds great promise for cancer therapy. However, its clinical potential is often limited by the undesirable radiation exposure to normal organs such as liver, kidney, and bone marrow. It is important to develop new ...