前沿科技及其它

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex neurocutaneous disorder also referred to as a “phakomatosis,” a term derived from the Greek phakos, meaning lentil or birthmark. Patients with NF1 often suffer from multiple lesions of diverse type, including hyperplasias, hypoplasias, hama ...

Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in men (other than skin cancer). In 1999, in the United States alone there were approximately 179,300 new cases and 37,000 deaths due to prostate cancer (1). In 1999, the prostate cancers diagnosed accounted for 29% of cancers in men and 14.7% of all ca ...

This review focuses on the role of the INK4a/ARF locus in human cancer. Several excellent related reviews have recently been published (1–5). Rather than presenting protocols, this review will describe the current state of the field. However, in keeping with the goals of these monographs, emph ...

Cell division is controlled by a group of positive and negative regulatory molecules that act at experimentally defined phases throughout the cell-division cycle. Perturbations in these critical phases contribute to tumor development by allowing uncontrolled cell prolifera ...

Kidney cancer affects approximately 30,000 individuals in the United States and is responsible for more than 12,000 deaths each year (1,2). It has been estimated that 3% of adult malignancies are kidney cancers (1). Like many cancers, such as breast and colon cancers, kidney cancer occurs in both spo ...

Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Yet for certain cancers, genetic factors act as critical contributors, while for other cancers, environmental factors seem to predominate in cancer causation. With the completion of the ...

In 1969 Li and Fraumeni (1,2) reported a systematic epidemiologic study of the incidence of cancers in relatives of children with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). They noted five families of 648 probands in which a sib or cousin was also affected by sarcoma, and furthermore prospective studies of four of t ...

Lung cancer is the number-one cancer killer of both men and women in the United States, killing more than 150,000 people every year. Lung cancer consists of two broad groups: small-cell lung cancers (SCLC), which account for about 25% of bronchogenic carcinomas, and the remaining tumors, non-small ...

The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a key role in directing growth and patterning during embryonic development and is required in vertebrates for the normal development of many structures, including the axial skeleton, neural tube, lungs, hair, and teeth. Recent evidence has implicat ...

Colorectal cancer develops as the result of the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic epithelium to colon adenocarcinoma. The fact that colon cancer develops over 10–15 years and progresses through parall ...

Commonly occurring forms of human cancer have a complex multifactorial etiology that involves the interaction of inherited genotypes and endogenous or exogenous environmental exposures. The ability to understand the inherited genetic causes of cancer in human populations th ...

The term “allelotype” was first used by Vogelstein and colleagues (1), in analogy to karyotype, to describe a newly developed molecular analysis that surveyed chromosomal loss and/or aberration in a panel of human colorectal tumors. This study was the first to comprehensively screen 39 nona ...

In the United States, esophageal cancers are of the squamous cell type (ESCC) or adenocarcinoma (EADC). Other esophageal malignant neoplasms are rare. Smoking and alcohol, particularly consumption of hard liquor, are strongly associated with development of ESCC in the United States and ...

Genetic evidence strongly suggested that a tumor suppressor was located on chromosome 10. During the development of glioblastoma, one copy of chromosome 10 was typically lost (1). Cytogenetic and molecular analysis revealed partial or complete loss of chromosome 10 in bladder, endome ...

Breast cancer affects one out of every 10 women in industrialized countries, and is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women. Ovarian cancer, although less common than breast cancer, is very difficult to treat effectively, in part due to difficulty in early diagnosis of the disea ...

Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality among adults in the United States today (1). Colon cancer arises from a pathological transformation of the normal colonic epithelium to an adenomatous polyp, which can then progress to an invasive tumor. This progression is broug ...

The Retinoblastoma family consists of three genes, RB, p107, and Rb2/p130, all fundamental in the control of important cellular phenomena, such as cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. The “founder” and the most investigated gene of the family is RB, which is considered the prototype for ...

Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and oncogenes represent the ying and the yang of cell growth, differentiation, and survival control. TSGs such as p53, the retinoblastoma (RB) gene product, and the cyclin kinase inhibitor (CKI) proteins p21 Cip-1/WAF1/mda6 (p21), p27 Kip-1 (p27), p16 INK4a (p16), and ...

Invasion of carcinoma cells is the result of a disequilibrium between invasion promoter and invasion suppressor gene products (1). The E-cadherin/catenin complex is the most potent invasion suppressor at the cell membrane of epithelioid cells (2).This complex consists of E-cadherin, a ...

It is becoming more and more clear that angiogenic mechanisms leading to structural formation of blood vessels are very complex, and understanding them depends on studies performed by means of a wide methodological spectrum ranging from molecular biological techniques to morpholo ...