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Aptamers can be considered as a valid alternative to antibodies or other biomimetic receptors for the development of biosensors and other analytical methods. The production of aptamers is commonly performed by the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) p ...

Piezoelectric sensors have become a versatile tool in biosensorics to study protein—protein and protein—small molecule interactions. Here we present theoretical background on piezoelectric sensors and instructions, how to modify their surface with various recognition el ...

The method of fabrication of a prototype electrochemical immunosensor for estradiol (E2) is described. Methodologies are also given for colorimetric assays, which can be used to verify and optimize reagent performance, prior to their use in the electrochemical immunoassay: these in ...

An electrochemical DNA biosensor is a device that utilizes the inherent ability of two complementary strands of nucleic acids to form a double helix. The specificity of this reaction, namely hybridization, is used in the detection of target DNA sequences with a view toward developing point-o ...

In recent years, electrochemical sensors and biosensors are becoming an accepted part of analytical chemistry since they satisfy the expanding need for rapid and reliable measurements. An area in which electrochemical biosensors perhaps show the greatest diversity and potential ...

The immunochromatographic lateral flow strip test is a one-step test that facilitates low-cost, rapid identification of various analytes at the point of care. We have developed lateral flow strip tests for the specific qualitative or semiquantitative detection of antigens, antibo ...

A novel, rapid, and sensitive protocol for the electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization that take the advantage of a magnetic separation/mixing process and the use of monomaleimido-gold nanoparticles of 1.4 nm diameter as label is presented. A sandwich-type assay is formed in this p ...

Clinical and environmental analyses frequently necessitate rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-care or field tests. These semiquantitative tests may be later followed up by confirmatory laboratory-based assays, but can provide an initial scenario assessment importa ...

Principles and characteristics of lateral flow strip assays are reviewed. Recent technology developments permit the use of inexpensive electronic readers for interrogating lateral flow strip test results, thus avoiding the inevitable variation and subjectivity of visual in ...

In recent years, immunochromatographic lateral flow test strips are used as a popular diagnostic tool. There are two formats (noncompetitive and competitive) in gold-based immunoassay. Noncompetitive gold-based immunoassay also called sandwich assay is applied for the detect ...

Though relatively unexploited in biosensor applications, phage display technology can provide versatile recognition scaffolds for detection of cancer markers and other analytes. This chapter details protocols for covalent attachment of viruses directly to electrodes for ...

One limitation in the development of biosensors for the early detection of disease is the availability of high specificity and affinity ligands for biomarkers that are indicative of a pathogenic process. Within the past 10 years, biopanning of phage displayed peptide libraries on intact c ...

A powerful strategy for targeted drug discovery is the use of bacteriophage (phage) display technology for identification of peptide-based tumor targeting agents. Peptide pharmaceuticals may possess clinically desirable properties because of their rapid blood clearance, n ...

Over the past two decades, the field of biosensors has been developing fast, portable, and convenient detection tools for various molecules of interest, both biological and environmental. Although much attention is paid to the transduction portion of the sensor, the actual bioreceptor t ...

Many biosensors depend on molecular recognition reagents to achieve highly sensitive and specific detection levels of an analyte of interest. Although new and improved detection platforms continue to be developed, improvements in the affinity and specificity of the molecular rec ...

Aptamers are single-stranded functional nucleic acids that possess cognate ligand recognition capability. These functional nucleic acids have been used for biosensing of a variety of ligands. Aptamers are isolated by “in vitro selection” or SELEX from random-sequence nucleic ac ...

The detection and typing of tumor cells based on differentially or similarly expressed antigens (biomarkers) have proven to be increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. Sensitive techniques for the detection of cell surface antigens are therefore c ...

Several methods are described in which a biological recognition molecule — a critical element in any biosensor — is immobilized onto a silica or silica-based sensing substrate. Although several variations are described, the methods for covalent immobilization share a common theme and ...

A prototype handheld, compact, rapid thermocycler was developed for multiplex analysis of nucleic acids in an inexpensive, portable configuration. Instead of the commonly used Peltier heating/cooling element, electric thin-film resistive heater and a miniature fan enable rap ...

A simple yet highly sensitive implementation of an interferometric technique for a label-free molecular biosensing application is described. The intereferometric detection method is based on the phase-sensitive detection of spectral interference fringes. The change in opt ...