影像系统

Cell adhesion is an essential prerequisite for survival, communication, and navigation of cells in organisms. It is maintained by the organized binding of molecules from the cell membrane to the extracellular space. This chapter focuses on direct measurements of cellular binding stre ...

Antibiotics are particular type of drugs that are able to interfere in different ways to the metabolic �pathways of bacteria. This causes also morphostructural alterations of cell wall and surface appendages (flagella, fimbriae or pili, and filaments).Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is ...

Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil that has been credited with interesting antimicrobial and antifungal effects, acts by interfering with the envelope of Candida albicans and this activity has been investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Candida culture samp ...

In this chapter, we have presented materials and methods to study the interaction between DNA and small molecule drugs by AFM. The detailed AFM imaging of the circular DNA after incubation with �various concentrations of vincristine and aspirin have been demonstrated. The immobilizati ...

The interactions between cell surface integrins and extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in the function of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a powerful tool to mechanically engage cell surface integrins through f ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) works by scanning a very tiny tip over a surface with great precision. The microscope tips can be chemically functionalized to improve the images obtained. Well-defined chemical functionalization of AFM tips is especially important for experiments, such ...

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution scanning-probe instrument which has become an important tool for cellular and molecular biophysics in recent years, but lacks the time resolution and functional specificities offered by fluorescence microscopic techniqu ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful and widely used imaging technique that can visualize single molecules under physiological condition at the nanometer scale. In this chapter, an AFM-based nanorobot for biological studies is introduced. Using the AFM tip as an end effector, the AFM c ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now considered a routine tool for comparative morphological imaging in small vertebrate model organisms. However, the application of high-resolution imaging protocols to visualize the anatomy of invertebrate organisms has not yet become a gen ...

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. Image results can provide important comparisons of human conditions with mouse disease m ...

Non-invasive imaging of embryonic development has been an ultimate goal for embryologists for many years. Due to advances in MRI hardware and software, the extremely high spatial resolution necessary to study embryos can now be obtained. Fixed embryos can be scanned to visualize the complex ...

The advent of high-field MRI systems has allowed implementation of BOLD fMRI on small animals. Increased magnetic field improves the signal-to-noise ratio and thus allows improvement of spatial resolution. However, it also increases susceptibility artefacts in the commonly acqui ...

Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) relies on contrasts that are due to the shortening of the T 1 relaxation time of tissue water protons that become exposed to paramagnetic manganese ions. In experimental animals, the technique combines the high spatial resolution ...

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing or complete occlusion of vessels due to the progression of atherosclerosis. Ultimately, the reduction in blood supply, due to a reduced lumen diameter, results in a functional deficit, e.g., reduced mobility. Because function is closely tied ...

Small animal imaging has been a major player in an increasing amount of oncological experiments wherein magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a favorite choice of measures for in vivo small animal imaging due to its advantages of excellent resolution and innocuousness. Based on a clin ...

Detailed characterization of the tumor vasculature provides a better understanding of the complex mechanisms associated with tumor development and is especially important to evaluate responses to current therapies which target the tumor vasculature. Magnetic resonance i ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used in pre-clinical studies as a non-invasive imaging tool for assessing the morphological and functional impact of lung diseases and for evaluating the efficacy of potential treatments for airways diseases. Hyperpolarized gases (3He or 129X ...

The investigation of alterations in vessel morphology of transgenic mouse models generally requires time-consuming and laborious planimetry of histological sections. This postmortem analysis is per se restricted to endpoint studies and, furthermore, may reflect the situat ...

Endovascular stent-graft placement for thoracic aortic disease such as aortic dissection or aortic aneurysms is usually performed under conventional X-ray guidance. The experimental concept of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for image-based guidance of vascular ins ...

Comprehensive imaging of the cardiovascular system of murine models of atherosclerosis requires high spatial and temporal resolution as well as a high soft tissue contrast. High-field (≥7 T) experimental magnetic resonance imaging can provide noninvasive, high-resolution ima ...