神经生物学

Our knowledge of the biochemical actions of antidepreβants, neuroleptics, and anxiolytics at the cellular and molecular level has led to the development of a number of rather rapid and inexpensive in vitro and ex vivo screening procedures that have proven useful in identifying new drugs with ...

It might be said that “drug screening” is one of the most overused, misunderstood, and poorly performed tests in the armament of medical science. Ideally, a drug screen should be a single test that can accurately detect and identify all known drugs and toxins present in a small amount of blood or urine, using ...

The advent of polyclonal immunoglobin-based technology, originated by Yalow and Berson in 1959, for qualitative or quantitative determination of specific substances in biological tiβue has revolutionized the analytical aspects of biomedical research. The refinement of this ...

The scientific principles behind the radioreceptor aβay (RRA) have been articulated in a number of excellent reviews (Enna, 1981, 1982), and they will be summarized here. In order to appreciate the strengths and limitations of RRAs, the basic principles of receptor binding technology must f ...

Whether one is a toxicologist attempting to confirm drug overdose or establish cause of death, a physician/clinical chemist seeking to correlate clinical response with a serum level, or a research scientist collecting pharmacokinetic data, precise accurate analytical methods for ...

Binding of drugs to plasma protein has been known for many years to be significant in both drug effects and pharmacokinetics (Goldstein, 1949; Gillette, 1973; Curry, 1980; Meyer and Guttman, 1968; Vallner, 1974). However, in spite of rigorous study, binding remains contentious and poorly under ...

Magnesium (Mg), the second most abundant soft tissue intracellular cation in vertebrates, is an essential nutrient for all organisms. Because of its small ionic radius and relatively large charge, Mg2+ functions within living cells primarily as a reversible chelator, forming relativ ...

Changes of cerebral acid-balance, notably of extracellular pH (pHe), have long attracted the attention of physiologists. This is mainly because both cerebral blood flow (CBF) and pulmonary ventilation are exquisitely sensitive to alterations in pHe, whether these are caused by chang ...

The involvement of calcium (Ca) in living organisms has long been recognized, particularly its presence in invertebrate shells and vertebrate bones. It was not, however, before the studies of S. Ringer (1882), who showed that its presence was necessary for normal heart beating, that its role in ph ...

The last two decades have seen a tremendous explosion in our knowledge concerning the properties of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). The basis of this explosion is twofold: one is the development of the methodology to maintain isolated slices of brain tissue alive, and the second is the di ...

This chapter describes the application of electrophysiological techniques in nervous system cultures. The characterization of the membrane properties of cultured neural cells with electrophysiological techniques had already started in 1956 on explant cultures of dorsal ...

Studies on transmembrane ion movements in brain cells are of fundamental importance to understanding brain function. Thus, studies on the content and fluxes of major ions such as K+, Na+, Cl−, and Ca2+ in neurons are critical to understanding the effects of conductance changes during excitatory ...

Brain slices from cerebral cortex represent the classical model with which the first studies of cellular mechanisms of water and ion homeostasis were conducted. These experiments involved the analysis of ion and water movements with radiotracers. The amount of information gained with ...

One of the most exciting recent advances in the field of neurobiology has been the development of the technique called single-channel or patch clamp recording. The utility and power of the method are now being exploited by neuroscientists using a wide variety of tissue preparations to answer qu ...

The choroid plexus traditionally has been considered the major, but not sole, component of the blood-CSF barrier (BCFB). Most analyses of the BCFB have been directed to the choroid plexuses, rather than to the arachnoid, because of the predominant function of the former in CSF secretion and homeo ...

The dense aggregation of cells that make up the brain and spinal cord has always prompted discussion about the nature of the interstitial region. This region was termed the “extracellular space” and for many years its extent, and even its existence, was widely disputed. Later the concept of the extr ...

Brain “function” comprises the activities that transfer and integrate information wit~undefinedhin and among brain cells. Such information consists of changes in electrical potentials that exist across cell membranes. Electrical potentials are characteristic of both neurons and glia ...

The fluid environment of the central nervous system comprises the following compartments: Tissue fluid, consisting of (1) the extracellular compartment and (2) the intracellular compartment Cerebrospinal fluid Vascular compartment

Before the advent of the electron microscope, the extracellular space of the central nervous system (CNS) was considered very wide. Since that time, however, fine structural studies have revealed

The capillaries of the central nervous system (CNS) are unique among the blood vessels of the body in having tight junctions between adjacent endothelial cells, no fenestrae, and a complete pericapillary investment (the glial foot processes) between parenchymal cells and capillary en ...