神经生物学

Chronic pain can originate from injury or dysfunction in the peripheral nervous system, and currently available therapeutic methods are often ineffective. Despite the clinical significance, the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of chronic pain after per ...

The study of visceral pain is of high clinical relevance and the findings more directly translational in the search for analgesic agents. Early studies of nerve recordings after acute visceral nerve activation with (1) mechanical distension of hollow organs such as the colon or esophagus, (2) ...

Animal models of inflammatory pain have been widely used to study the mechanisms of tissue injury-induced persistent pain. A variety of inflammatory agents or irritants, including complete Freund’s adjuvant, carrageenan, zymosan, mustard oil, formalin, capsaicin, bee venom, acid ...

The assessment of pain is of critical importance for mechanistic studies as well as for the validation of drug targets. The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems. Philosophically, there is the problem that pain cannot be monitored directly in an ...

Postoperative pain control remains difficult because the current treatments have limited efficacy; many patients experience moderate to severe pain after a variety of surgeries. Recognizing the gap between preclinical models of persistent pain and postsurgical pain, we and oth ...

Painful distal sensory neuropathy is the most common neurological complication of HIV1 infection. There are several neuropathic pain syndromes associated with the disease; however, the most common is a sensory neuropathy called HIV sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN). HIV-SN can be subdiv ...

Pain is frequently the earliest and most problematic syndrome of distal peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in diabetic patients. The variety of time of onset, duration and progression, modalities, and severity of individual presentations of painful DPN makes classification and evaluat ...

The basic principles underlying field potential generation and the application of current source density (CSD) analysis are outlined in this chapter. Currents in the brain are mainly derived from synaptic or action currents flowing in a closed loop, traversing both intracellular and e ...

The single-cell juxtacellular recording–labeling technique makes it possible to label the neuron recorded extracellularly. It is a very useful tool for achieving single-cell structure–function correlation studies in living, intact neural networks and for determining their ...

Digital telemetry (DT) offers a method of collecting the electrical signals produced by neural activity and transmitting them wirelessly to a receiver/decoder for analysis and storage. The wirelessness means that activity can be recorded from a subject that is behaving relatively no ...

Current source density (CSD) is the second spatial derivative of the local field potential (LFP). CSD analysis has been used extensively to localize the pattern of transmembrane current flow in neuronal ensembles. For brain responses to repeated external stimulation, the LFP data are epo ...

One of the fundamental goals in neuroscience is to uncover, in real-time, the formation and retrieval of the brain’s associative memory traces. Here, we describe methodology we have developed to permit large-scale recording and analysis of neuronal activity from ensembles of neurons. We ha ...

The event-related potential (ERP) is a major methodological tool used to investigate the functioning of the cerebral cortex of humans and other mammalian species. The cerebral cortex is the part of the mammalian brain that is most critical for sensory perception, motor action, and cognition. ...

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of a current approach in defining the relationships between the firing patterns of groups of neurons recorded from the freely behaving rodent. The design and construction of a 16-channel headstage and its typical integration with a commerc ...

Understanding the temporal and spectral structure of neural coding with especial attention to regional specificity and behavioral function is one goal of system neuroscience. Several methodological approaches have been used to analyze signals arising from multisite or distr ...

The use of population codes derived from ensembles of rat hippocampal neurons to control performance of a delayed-nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) memory task illustrates the important functional and organizational specificity of simultaneously active neurons in this important b ...

The medial septum (MS) is a structure best known for its role in theta rhythm generation in the �hippocampus. Theta rhythm is a relatively slow brain oscillation of 3–12 Hz that is important for memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Despite that the role of the MS in theta generation has been invest ...

The last 20 years of clinical neuroscience research has witnessed a fundamental shift in the conceptualization of neuropsychiatric disorders, with the dominant psychological and neurochemical theories of the past now complemented by a growing emphasis on developmental, genet ...

Myelin, the multilayered membrane that enwraps and insulates neuronal axons for fast signal propagation, is a plasma membrane specialization of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the central and peripheral nervous system, respectively. Here we provide our lab protocols for the p ...

During the process of myelination, oligodendrocytes spirally enwrap neuronal axons and form multilamellar myelin sheets. Oligodendrocytes in culture are characterized by their numerous membranous extensions containing an elaborate network of microtubules, they are de ...