神经生物学

The processes of axonal transport are in most respects identical to intracellular transport in other metazoan cells. The shapes and sizes of neurons do require that intracellular transport be amplified to an unusual degree in both the amount of material moved and the distance traveled, but the ...

Electrophysrological studies of the brain in mammals have made extensive use of immobilized preparations Experimental animals are commonly anesthetized or immobilized by curare or by section of the brain stem (cerveau isol�) (Bremer, 1935) or spinal cord at level Cl (enc�phale isol�) (B ...

The physiological and pharmacological examination of the nervous system enjoyed enormous popularity over the last several decades It is now possible to record the electrical currents generated by ions passing through individual membrane channels and to define precisely the mole ...

The synapse is recognized as the major structure of interneuronal communication, and a likely site of Integration and information storage within networks of neurons and the central nervous system itself Communication via these synaptic contacts involves a process of transduction ...

The methodology of tissue culture was introduced more than three quarters of a century ago by (1907) as “a method by which the end of a growing nerve could be brought under direct observation while alive, in order that a correct conception might be had regarding what lakes place as the fiber extends during e ...

Molecularly imprinted polymers are now well known as synthetic polymeric receptors or robust artificial antibodies (“plastibodies”) and have attracted considerable attention from the scientific and industrial community due to their inherent simplicity, reusability, ro ...

The ability to detect the presence of certain molecular analytes inside the human body is vital to the ability of a medical professional to assess a patient’s health. The use of sensitive and selective biosensors would be a tremendous asset to the field of medical screening and diagnosis. The fabri ...

The convergence of photonics, electrochemistry, materials, and biomedical sciences at the nanoscale opens up significant new opportunities. For example, ElectroChemiLuminescence (ECL), in which an electronically excited state is electrochemically created that then go ...

There is an increasing interest in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) as the transducing method for label-free biosensors. This technique allows the direct detection of the affinity complex formation through the variation of the capacitance or that of the charge transf ...

The last developments of sensors and biosensors involving microelectrodes modified with carbon nanotubes to detect species with biochemical or biological relevance are reviewed in this chapter. Apart from the different electrode configurations employed, special conside ...

d-serine is an endogenous co-agonist of N-methyl d-aspartate receptors, and has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Correspondingly, d-serine signaling may represent an important pharmacological target for treating these diseases. However, ...

We have set out to develop a novel, implantable microelectrode array that has the capabilities to detect neurotransmitters with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and temporal sampling capabilities compared to other current technologies. We have shown that this device maintai ...

Recording basal levels of extracellular glutamate by microdialysis in the brain of freely moving animals is of limited value as the result does not fulfill the criteria of synaptic origin (TTX or calcium dependency). In this chapter we discuss whether the recently developed microsensor te ...

Changes in acetylcholine (ACh) release in the forebrain represent a critical step in the activation of larger neuronal circuits mediating cognitive functions. Therefore, the development of methods which allow the assessment of ACh release at a high temporal and spatial resolution is of ...

Glucose biosensors were prepared by immobilizing glucose oxidase on carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) either by cross-linking glutaraldehyde vapors or via enzyme entrapment in films of m-phenylenediamine or resorcinol. The enzymatic layer was then covered with a membrane m ...

The purines, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine, are now recognized as extracellular signaling agents in both the brain and peripheral organs. The mechanisms of purinergic signaling can differ from those of conventional neurotransmission especially in the variety of rel ...

The application of biosensors for near real-time monitoring of key energy and signaling molecules in the intact brain poses major challenges at a number of levels. In this context, amperometric biosensor functionality is impacted by a variety of physicochemical and biological phenom ...

Protein immobilization is a key step in biosensor preparation that impacts on the overall performance. Among the wide variety of immobilization techniques currently available, only a few have been reliably applied in vivo. In this chapter, we discuss five different enzyme immobilizat ...

Hexacyanoferrates such as Prussian blue or Ruthenium Purple have great potential for use in microelectrode biosensors. They act as surface-bound mediators that greatly facilitate the detection of H2O2 at modest potentials, thereby increasing the selectivity of the biosensors v ...

Measuring the concentration of neurotransmitters in the extracellular space of living brain tissue is vital in our understanding of neurochemical events. Electrochemical microelectrodes and microsensors are commonly used for in vivo neurotransmitter monitoring; each ma ...