神经生物学

The study of the neural substrates of reinforcement has been facilitated greatly by the diversity of behavioral indices of reinforcement accessible to investigators. Intracranial self-stimlation (ICSS), intravenous self-administration (SA), conditioned approach/av ...

The “recreational” use of drugs in North America is common. The majority of the adult population ingests alcohol occasionally, and caffeine daily. One in three adults uses nicotine habitually, and a smaller but nonetheless disturbing number of people become addicted to opiates, barbitur ...

The study of behavior in operant conditioning laboratories has led to some unusually successful techniques that are now widely exploited in experimental psychopharmacology. Indeed, it can even be argued that the emergence of a truly inter-disciplinary science of psychopharmaco ...

This chapter is neither a pharmacopeia of agents that affect drinking behavior nor a summary of what we have learned about the control of thirst from pharmacological studies. Readers will find some of each, but my major focus is on the approaches used to identify mechanisms of actions of drugs on water i ...

Research into the effects of drugs on feeding has been guided by an interest in the neurochemical mechanisms involved in the control of food intake and by a desire to find safe, effective pharmacological treatments for feeding disorders such as obesity. Many experiments in the field have reveal ...

Animal pain tests have been developed primarily for the screening of potential analgesic drugs. In this context, the most important characteristic of a test is that it correctly identify compounds that are analgesic in pathological pain in humans and correctly eliminate compounds with ...

The goal of psychopharmacology is twofold: to study the behavioral effects of drugs in order to elucidate mechanisms of drug action and to use drugs as tools in order to ascertain underlying neurochemical processes mediating behavior. In investigating a particular neural system or a certa ...

Few brain areas have received as much attention over the past quarter of a century as the basal ganglia, and to the clinician there is a singular reason for such an intense research focus. The basal ganglia are often sites of major pathology in neurological movement disorders and thus represent those b ...

The central nervous system (CNS) is a major focus for investigations of the causes of behavior. In this context, causes may be changes in brain neuronal activity that correlate with a behavior or the underlying neuronal mechanisms resulting in the appearance of behavior. How are the neurobiolo ...

Animals (including human beings) show complex interactions with their own species, other species, and the environment. An encounter between two animals such as that of rodent aggression (described by Grant and Mackintosh, 1963) 27 involves intricate behavioral patterns, presumab ...

Associative learning can occur as a result of the arrangement of contingencies between stimuli and outcomes. The experimenter controls the occurrence of these events in classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927) 131. In instrumental conditioning, the experimenter arranges the envi ...

The term tolerance typically refers to the relatively common observation that during chronic drug treatment the effect(s) of some drugs may progressively reduce in magnitude. For example, there is now evidence suggesting that in a variety of animal models of anxiety, the anxiety-reducing ...

It is the intent of this chapter to selectively review data pertaining to the phenomenon of drug-discrimination learning (DDL), i.e., discriminative control of behavior by drug states. A related phenomenon is state-dependent learning (SDL), i.e., the observation that a behavior learned in ...

Research on electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) has a long and venerable history. As reviewed elsewhere (Ervin and Kenney, 1971 53; Doty, 1969 48), brain stimulation has made classical contributions to neuroscience research, including the localization of cortical areas subservi ...

The blood-brain barrier is a system of tissue sites that restrict and regulate the movement of hydrophilic solutes between the blood and the central nervous system The barrier between blood and brain extracellular fluid is located at the brain capillary endothelium, whereas the barrier be ...

Abstract As neuroanatomical discoveries in the brain are made, there follows an intense curiosity about function. Frequently, the two initial questions asked are. What happens if the tissue is removed, and what happens if it is activated? Perhaps the first to use an experimental ablation meth ...

This chapter is designed to provide a scientist who is not familiar with the brain slice preparation with some of the information needed to evaluate its suitability for a particular task. It is obviously not possible in a book chapter to describe all the uses to which brain slices have been put, and so one is fa ...

Several macro- and microdissectron methods for sampling brain regions have been reported. Large regrons, such as cortex, striatum, and hypothalamus, can be separated either in fresh whole brains (in situ preparation) or dissected out from brain slices with or without a microscope. When more ...

Radical changes in life have evolved on Earth since the Cambrian period, radical changes in evolutionary theory have developed since the Darwinian period. The concept of gradual physical change in species is yielding to a more credible hypothesis of long epochs of genetic stability interr ...

The use of human postmortem brain tissue in neurochemical and neuropharmacological research has received increasing attention over the past two decades. In fact, there is one work that, more than any other, can be identified as being responsible for the interest in this approach It was Birkmay ...