神经生物学

Language refers to the uniquely human capacity for communication through productive combination of symbolic representations. Functional neuroimaging studies have in recent decades greatly expanded our knowledge of the brain systems supporting language, producing a dram ...

Numerous fMRI studies have investigated the network of brain regions critical for memory. Whereas neuropsychological techniques can delineate the brain regions that are necessary for intact memory function, neuroimaging techniques can be used to investigate which regions are r ...

Functional neuroimaging has become an important tool for clinical research, with the potentiality to provide information on psychiatric disease pathology and treatment response. We review functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research findings for six psychiatric ...

fMRI is a technology with great promise as a tool to probe abnormalities of brain activity in neurodegenerative diseases. The detection of functional brain abnormalities may be useful, in the appropriate clinical context, for early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, or prognostic ...

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has evolved from a basic research application to a useful clinical tool that also has found its place in modern neurosurgery. The localization of functional important brain areas as language and sensorimotor cortex has been the focus of numerous in ...

This chapter provides an overview of the application of functional MRI applied to the field of Epilepsy and is divided into two sections, covering cognitive mapping and imaging of paroxysmal activity, respectively. In addition to a review of the most scientifically and clinically releva ...

Modern drug development presents new challenges by the unmet medical needs of chronic neurological and psychiatric disease. Imaging provides a potentially powerful tool for more efficiently translating pre-clinical and clinical studies and enhancing confidence in progres ...

Motor deficits contribute to disability in a number of neurological conditions. A wide range of emerging restorative therapies has the potential to reduce this by favorably modifying function. In many medical contexts, a study of target organ function improves efficacy of a therapeutic ...

Recent brain imaging work has expanded our understanding of the mechanisms of perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions in human subjects, but research into the cerebral control of emotional and motivational function is at a much earlier stage. Important concepts and theories of emoti ...

The field of pain research has progressed immensely due to the advancement of brain imaging techniques. The initial goal of this research was to expand our understanding of the cerebral mechanisms underlying the perception of pain; more recently the research objectives have shifted towa ...

The human visual system consists of a large, yet unknown number of cortical areas. We summarize the efforts made to identify these areas, using the macaque visual cortex as a guide. So far, retinotopic mapping has identified several regions and study of functional properties such as motion and sha ...

The extensive application of fMRI to the assessment of the human sensorimotor system has disclosed a complexity that is largely beyond our original understanding. From the available data, it is accepted that this system consists of a large, and somewhat yet unknown, number of cortical and subc ...

Over the years, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI has made important contributions to the understanding of central auditory processing in humans. Although there are significant technical challenges to overcome in the case of auditory fMRI, the unique methodological advan ...

The variable effectiveness of reparative and recovery mechanisms following tissue damage is among the factors that might contribute to explain, at least partially, the paucity of the correlation between clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with white ...

Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. One of the key factors underpinning recovery of function is reorganization of surviving neural networks. Noninvasive techniques such as fMRI allow this reorganization to be studied in humans. However, the design of experiments ...

Recent years have seen a renewed interest in brain anatomy in the neuroimaging community. Developments in techniques for structural MR acquisition and analysis have opened new opportunities for structural mapping of the living human brain. For example, high-resolution MR imaging can ...

Evidence to date shows that fMRI of the spinal cord (spinal fMRI) can reliably demonstrate regions involved with sensation of tactile, thermal, and painful stimuli, and with motor tasks. The spin-echo-based spinal fMRI method with “signal enhancement by extravascular protons” contrast ...

In the field of spinal cord injury, there is a need for accurate and versatile behavioral assessments. Locomotor rating scales (BBB and BMS; see Burke and Magnuson, Chap. 47) form the foundation of behavioral assessments, but combining them with objective techniques provides a more comprehe ...

In vivo preclinical imaging of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodent models is sought after for obtaining clinically relevant neuropatholocial information in translational research. The ability to noninvasively monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of injury response allows ...

Deficits in sensory and motor function after spinal cord injury are attributable primarily to the interruption of long sensory and motor axonal tracts in the spinal cord. Different spinal cord tracts display different vulnerability to the injury, capability to regenerate, and contri ...