神经生物学

Binge eating is characterized by the consumption of more food within a discrete period of time than would normally be consumed within the same time period under similar circumstances, accompanied by a sense of loss of control. This form of consummatory behavior is common, and it is accompanied by c ...

Preclinical models are needed to investigate the neuro- and psycho-biology of binge eating (BE) and to identify innovative pharmacotherapeutic strategies. A new model, based on the combination of cyclic caloric restriction and acute stress, has been recently developed in our laborat ...

Binge eating is a recalcitrant symptom of bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder (BED), and the binge/purge subtype of anorexia nervosa. Binge eating is rooted in gene–environment interactions, but the biology of these interactions is largely unknown. This chapter describes a simple ...

Binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and hedonic overeating share a critical common component; namely, overeating that involves a lack of healthy restraint. However, these constructs are distinct from one another and are related to differential correlates and outcomes in human beings. Not ...

In industrialized nations, overeating is a significant problem leading to overweight, obesity, and a host of related disorders; the increase in these disorders has prompted a significant amount of research aimed at understanding their etiology. Eating disorders are multifactori ...

In recent years, rats selectively bred for high (HiS) or low (LoS) saccharin intake have provided valuable information regarding vulnerability to drug and food dependence, related affective disorders, and impulsive behavior. The HiS and LoS rats are models of the heritability of maladap ...

The prevalence of obesity continues to rise despite advances in behavioral, pharmacological, and surgical treatments. This is likely in part due to the overabundance of highly caloric food, which has extremely rewarding properties associated with dopaminergic neurotransmiss ...

Binge eating is a behavioral component of some eating disorders, and it is also noted in the overweight and obese, as well as nonclinical populations. Given its increasing prevalence in society, understanding the behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical components of binge eating ...

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by repeated binge eating and purging episodes that can be associated with significant psychosocial impairment and chronicity. Mechanisms maintaining this maladaptive set of behaviors remain poorly understood, but ...

This chapter describes the basics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI). It is aimed at beginners in the field and does not require any previous knowledge. Complex technical issues are made plausible by presenting plots and figures, rather than mathematical equati ...

Neuroimaging has, in many respects, revolutionized the study of cognitive neuroscience, the discipline that attempts to determine the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes. Early studies of brain–behavior relationships relied on a precise neurological exam as t ...

Imparting functional meaning to neuroanatomical location has been among the greatest challenges to neuroscientists. The characterization of the brain architecture responsible in human cognition received a boost in momentum with the emergence of in vivo functional and struct ...

This chapter is about modelling-distributed brain responses and, in particular, the functional integration among neuronal systems. Inferences about the functional organisation of the brain rest on models of how measurements of evoked responses are caused. These models can be quite ...

fMRI is a powerful tool used in the study of brain function. It can non-invasively detect signal changes in areas of the brain where neuronal activity is varying. This chapter is a comprehensive description of the various steps in the statistical analysis of fMRI data. This will cover topics such as the g ...

This chapter describes the procedures applied to fMRI data prior to their statistical analysis. This usually begins with converting the data from original MR format to a form that can be used by the analysis software. The data are then motion corrected. If an anatomical scan is collected for the subj ...

This chapter addresses issues particular to the optimal design of fMRI experiments. It describes procedures for isolating the psychological process of interest and gives an overview of block, event-related, and participant-response dependent designs. An additional focus is pla ...

Imaging of human brain function is possible only through a few techniques of which magnetic resonance is the safest and most widely used. The soft tissue contrast and high resolution functional maps of the human brain are making a profound contribution to our understanding of the brain function. ...

In this chapter, we discuss technical considerations regarding pulse sequence selection and sequence parameter selection that can affect fMRI studies. The major focus is on optimizing MRI data acquisitions for blood oxygen level-dependent signal detection. Specific recommen ...

This chapter discusses MRI hardware components, stimulus presentation devices, response, and physiological data collection systems. The general guidelines for MR-compatible hardware are also discussed. The chapter gives an overview of commonly used peripheral devices used ...

Selective attention is an essential cognitive ability that permits us to effectively process and act upon relevant information while ignoring distracting events. The human capacity to focus attention is at the core of mental functioning. Elucidating the neural bases of human selecti ...