神经生物学

Oligodendroglial tumors are primary tumors of the central nervous system that largely affect adults. The cell of origin is undefined, but the tumors display many features reminiscent of oligodendrocytes or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Here, we briefly recapitulate the hist ...

Information is presented on the new VM-M3 mouse model for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The VM-M3 tumor arose in the brain of inbred VM strain, which is known to have a high incidence of spontaneous brain tumors. The failure to develop effective treatments for GBM has been due in part to the failure of anim ...

Modeling human disease in small animals has been fundamental in advancing our scientific knowledge and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the case of brain cancer, implantable tumor models, both intracranial and also in the periphery, have been widely used and extens ...

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) provide a system in which de novo tumors arise and develop within the context of a proper tumor microenvironment. These models are considered superior to orthotopic xenograft systems because they allow for t ...

Small animal models have given great insight into tumor biology, but have been less successful at predicting clinical outcome. It is expected that newer models will be more predictive because they are better tumor mimics. Unfortunately, other impediments to clinical prediction remain, ...

For many years, neurosurgeons and neurointerventionalists have been focused on the neurological functionality of the patients as a main measure assessing the effects of treatment of intracranial aneurysms. But, individual experience, sporadic series of patients operated in a de ...

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) leads to lasting sensorimotor deficits in humans. The test of forelimb use asymmetry (FUA) has been repeatedly shown to be effective for the longitudinal evaluation of sensorimotor function in rat and mouse models of ICH. This test evaluates the use of foreli ...

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and often fatal subtype of stroke and produces severe neurologic deficits in survivors, and several animal models of ICH have been developed. We have established the ICH models in mice, rats and pigs (1–4). This chapter introduces methods for assessi ...

Vascular tone and consequently, cerebral blood flow, are regulated by the concentration of global cytosolic Ca2+ (global i) in vascular smooth muscle. Global i is, in part, regulated by discrete Ca2+ release events from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ sparks) which activate plasma membra ...

Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal SAH can lead to devastating neurological sequelae in humans. The pathophysiology of this phenomenon has yet to be fully elucidated, primarily because of limitations of current experimental models. Animal models, which rely on in vitro exami ...

The immune system is intimately involved in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) pathophysiology. The ability to evaluate immune system reactions with reproducible and accurate methods is of critical importance. Numerous techniques have been developed to study and evaluate the imm ...

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is an important component of brain monitoring. Numerous methods for measuring ICP in animal models have been described, including the use of epidural monitors and subdural, ventricular, parenchyma, cisterma magna catheters, and lumbar cer ...

Hemoglobin (Hb) is an important oxygen transport protein mainly present in the red blood cells circulating in the blood. Measuring brain Hb content has been used to assess hematoma mass after intracerebral hemorrhage. Recent studies have demonstrated that Hb is also present in the neurons of ...

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Following the initial ictus, the intraparenchymal hematoma immediately triggers a series of events leading to secondary brain injury and severe neurologi ...

The aim is to outline how experimental intracerebral hematoma and perihematomal edema can be imaged. For postmortem investigation of the clot, morphometric analysis, spectrophotometry, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used. The edema in sacrificed animals is determined by ...

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a structural and functional barrier which limits the free passage of ions and large molecules between the blood and brain. BBB functions are often impaired in neurological disorders, more often in vascular-related injuries, stroke, intracerebral, and su ...

A number of methods have been used to assess global cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). During global ischemia, vascular perfusion is reduced and brain cells are hypoxic. This chapter describes two techniques of assessing global ischemia after SAH. The first explai ...

The term spreading depolarization (SD) describes a wave of profound cellular depolarization in the brain’s gray matter. The hallmark of SD is the breakdown of ion homeostasis. Among the ionic changes, the net influx of calcium into neurons is of importance since it is assumed to induce the cascades ...

Brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) shows a multiphasic evolution with a global ischemic insult at the time of the initial hemorrhage, complications of early surgical or endovascular aneurism treatment thereafter, followed by a time period with a high risk for secondary f ...

Several clinical grading systems of aneurysmal subarachnoid exist and play a critical role in predicting outcome and grouping patients according to degree of injury to evaluate the efficacy of both surgical and medical interventions. Only one grading system is published for experim ...