实验动物总则

第二节　大鼠（Rat;Rattus norregicus） 　　 一、生物学特性和解剖生理特点 　　 1．大鼠性哺乳钢，啮齿目，鼠科，大鼠属动物。 　　 2．繁殖快。大鼠2月龄时性成熟，性周期4天左右，妊娠期20（19～22），哺乳期21天，每天产仔平均8只，为全年、多发情性动物。 　　 3．喜啃咬、夜间活动、肉食，白天喜欢挤在一起休息，晚上活动大，吃食多，因此白天除实验必须抓取外，一般不要抓弄它。食性广泛，喜吃各种煮熟的动物肉。对光照较敏感。 　　 4．性情较凶猛、抗病力强。大鼠门齿较长 ...

第二章　常用实验动物的特点及应用 第一节　小鼠（Mouse;Musculus） 　　一、生物学特性和解剖生理特点 　　1．小鼠属于脊椎动物门，哺乳纲，啮齿目，鼠科，小鼠属动物。 　　2．成熟早，繁殖力强。小鼠6～7周龄时性成熟，雌性35～50日龄，雄性45～60日龄；体成熟雌性为65～75日龄，雄性为70～80日龄；性周期为4～5天，妊娠期为19～21天；哺乳期为20～22天；特别有产后发情（Post Partum Oestrus）便于繁殖的特点，一次排卵10～23个（视品 ...

第五节　实验动物的分类方法 　　 随着实验动物的进展,实验动物的分类方法愈来愈细,也更加科学化,通过了解下面的几种分类方法,同时可扼要地了解实验动物的来源和发展情况。 　　 一、按实际用途分类 　　 1．实验动物（Laboratory animals）是专门培育供实验用的动物，主要指作为医学、药学、生物学、兽医学等的科研、教学、医疗、鉴定、诊断、生物制品制造等需要为目的而驯养、繁殖、育成的动物。例如小鼠和大鼠是首先按实验要求，严格进行培育的实验动物，其次如 ...

第四节　动物的类群和生物学分类上的位置 　　一、动物的类群 　　动物的种类繁多，到目前为至已知的约为150万种以上，为便于识别、研究和利用它们，必须进行分类。分类的方法通常采用自然分尖法，即以生物的外部性状、内部构造、生活方式、生物的发生和彼此间的血缘关系等作为分类的依据。根据自然分类法，生物可分为两大界，即动物界和植物界。界（Kingdom）以下分为门（Phylum）、纲（Class）、目（Order）、科（Family）、属（Genus）、种（ ...

第三节　实验动物科学在生物医学发展中的作用 　　生物医学研究的主要任务是预防与治疗人类的疾病，保障人民健康。它是通过临床研究和实验室研究两个基本途径来实现的，而不论临床研究还是实验室研究均离不开使用实验动物。特别是医学科学从“经验医学”发展到“实验医学”阶段，动物实验就显得更加重要。实验医学的主要特点是不仅对正常人体或病人（在不损害病人的前提下），而且利用实验室条件，进行包括试管内，动物离体器官、组织、细胞的实验，尤其是整体动 ...

第二节　国内外实验动物科学发展情况 　　一、国外发展情况 　　实验动物在科学技术领域的广泛应用，对各国的国民经济发展发挥了重要作用，已经受到世界各国的高度重视。被世界卫生组织（WHO）所承认，并协同国际上其它组织一起向世界各国提供实验动物科学的培训、技术资料及咨询服务等。在许多经济发达的国家中，实验动物已经发展成为独立的科学研究与生产部门。例如美、英、德、法及日本等都已建立了全国性的、现代化的实验动物中心、研究中心及辅助用品规程化的 ...

第一章　实验动物科学绪论 第一节　研究范围和发展意义 　　一、实验动物科学的研究范围 　　实验动物科学（Laboratory Animal Sciences），是研究有关实验动物和动物实验的一门新兴科学。前者，是以实验动物本身为对象，专门研究它的育种、保种（培育新品种、保持原有品系的遗传特性）、生物学特性（包括解剖、生理、生化、生殖及生态等特点）、繁殖生产、饲养管理以及疾病的诊断、治疗和予防，以期达到如何提供标准的实验动物；后者，是以实验动物为材料，采用各 ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) contains a spike (S) protein that binds to a receptor molecule (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ACE2), induces membrane fusion, and serves as a neutralizing epitope. To study the functions of the S protein, we describe here the gen ...

Coronaviruses most often infect the respiratory or intestinal tract. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a group 1 coronavirus, infects the porcine small intestine. Piglets up to the age of 3 weeks die from diarrhea caused by the viral gastroenteritis unless they are protected ...

We have developed a DNA assembly platform that utilizes the nonspecific, highly variable sequence signatures of type IIs restriction enzymes to assemble a full-length molecular clone of murine hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) strain A59. The approach also allows changes to be engineered i ...

The construction of coronavirus (CoV) infectious clones had been hampered by the large size of the viral genome (around 30 kb) and the instability of plasmids carrying CoV replicase sequences in Escherichia coli. Several approaches have been developed to overcome these problems. Here we de ...

We have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in which a full-length cDNA corresponding to the IBV genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a T7 promoter sequence. Vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-leng ...

Coronavirus reverse genetic systems have become valuable tools for studying the molecular biology of coronavirus infections. They have been applied to the generation of recombinant coronaviruses, selectable replicon RNAs, and coronavirus-based vectors for heterologous g ...

Targeted RNA recombination has proven to be a powerful tool for the genetic engineering of the coronavirus genome, particularly in its 3′ part. Here we describe procedures for the generation of recombinant and mutant mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus. Key to the t ...

The importance of monospecific antisera for the experimental analysis of viral proteins is undisputed. They make it possible to identify and analyze the target protein against a background of a large number of other proteins, either in whole fixed cells or in cell lysates. This chapter descri ...

Immunological detection of viruses and their components by monoclonal antibodies is a powerful method for studying the structure and function of viral molecules. Here we describe detailed methods for establishing monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory synd ...

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a group 3 coronavirus, produces three proteins (IBV E, IBV 3a, and IBV 3b) from subgenomic mRNA 3 during infection. IBV E, a viral envelope protein, plays a role in virus budding, possibly by altering membrane morphology at the virus assembly site. In addition to this r ...

For biophysical investigations on viral proteins, in particular for structure determination by X-ray crystallography, relatively large quantities of purified protein are necessary. However, expression of cDNAs coding for viral proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic syste ...

Intact, enveloped coronavirus particles vary widely in size and contour, and are thus refractory to study by traditional structural means such as X-ray crystallography. Electron microscopy (EM) overcomes some problems associated with particle variability and has been an importa ...

Chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), comprising transverse sections of chick embryo trachea with beating cilia, have proved useful in the isolation of several respiratory viruses and as a viral assay system, using ciliostasis as the criterion for infection. A simple technique for the ...