实验动物总则

Shear stress levels generated by circulating blood have a strong impact on biological processes taking place in the vasculature. It is therefore important to take them into account when studying infectious agents targeting the endothelium. Here we describe a protocol using disposable ...

Neisseria meningitidisis an organism whose environmental niche is limited to the human host. It can frequently colonize the human nasopharynx and has the ability to cause severe systemic infections. These infections can be sporadic, endemic or occur in outbreaks associated with more v ...

Neisseria meningitidis is a human specific organism that causes severe sepsis and/or meningitis with high mortality. The disease scenario is rapid and much remains unknown about the disease process and host–pathogen interaction. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for generating a ...

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) cause diseases that are usually self-limiting in the immunocompetent host. However, HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, and CMV are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised p ...

Expression of herpes simplex virus (HSV) polypeptides in bacterial expression systems has provided a useful tool for the generation of large quantities of specific viral proteins for use in both biochemical and functional analysis, and as immunogens for antisera production. Protei ...

Gold particles in colloidal suspension are particularly well suited as markers for immune electron microscopy. Their extreme electron opacity ensures that they are detected with accuracy even at particle sizes of less than 3 nm. Gold spheres can be made easily and inexpensively by reducti ...

Herpes genomes are large and complex, with many interactions among herpes encoded proteins, herpes DNA and RNA, and the host cell. These interactions begin as the virus enters the cell, and continue as the decision for latency or lytic replication is made. Correctly regulated gene expression th ...

Phage typing provides a rapid, accurate, and cheap method of investigating Salmonella strains for epidemiological use. Salmonella strains within a particular serovar may be differentiated into a number of phage types by their pattern of susceptibility to lysis by a set of phages with diff ...

Out of 177 surveyed bacteriophages, 161 (91%) are tailed and belong to the Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae families (43, 55, and 59 viruses, respectively). Sixteen filamentous or isometric phages are members of the Inoviridae, Leviviridae, Microviridae, and Tectiviridae f ...

Salmonella enterica is a Gram-negative enteropathogen that can cause localized infections, typically resulting in gastroenteritis, or systemic infection, e.g., typhoid fever, in both humans and warm-blooded animals. Understanding the mechanisms by which Salmonella induce d ...

Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Inside host cells, the bacterium is enclosed in a membrane bound compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Intracellular replication of Salmonella requ ...

Many bacteria can sense their population density. This has been termed “quorum sensing.” The bacteria use this information to coordinate their behavior, essentially behaving as multicellular organisms. The paradigm of Gram-negative quorum sensing is the LuxI/LuxR-type system em ...

Protocols are described for the measurement of radioisotopic cation influx and efflux in bacteria using Salmonella as a model system. Methods are discussed for both the use of primary radioisotopes for measurement, e.g., using 54Mn2+ to measure Mn2+ influx, and the use of surrogate radioisot ...

Despite significant progress in the development of new drugs and radiation, deaths due to cancer remain high. Many novel therapies are in clinical trials and offer better solutions, but more innovative approaches are needed to eradicate the various subpopulations that exist in solid tum ...

We describe a suspension array hybridization assay for rapid detection and identification of Salmonella and other bacterial pathogens using Luminex� xMAP™ technology. The Luminex xMAP system allows simultaneous detection of up to 100 different targets in a single multiplexed rea ...

The study of Salmonella spp. encompasses numerous disciplines and a wide range of specialties. Salmonella is exceptional among microorganisms in that it is capable of causing many common intestinal illnesses and yet has great potential as a molecular tool in the fight against disease.

Physical mapping is a key methodology for determining the genome structure of Salmonella and revealing genomic differences among different strains, especially regarding phylogenetic relationships and evolution of these bacteria. In fact, physical mapping is the only practi ...

Salmonellae are mammalian pathogens that are transmitted mainly through foodstuffs and their handlers. Rapid detection requires both specificity and sensitivity in samples containing other bacteria. A solution to this problem is the use of the great specificity conferred by bact ...

A simple macroarray system based on the use of polyester cloth as the solid phase for DNA hybridization has been developed for the identification and characterization of bacteria on the basis of the presence of various virulence and toxin genes. In this approach, a multiplex polymerase chain re ...

Pathogenicity islands and genomic islands (GI) are key elements in the evolution of bacterial virulence and environmental adaptation. In Salmonella enterica, Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) confer important virulence traits; however, many of these loci have not been cha ...