实验动物总则

The in vitro cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum is absolutely essential for the molecular dissection of parasite biology and still poses several challenges. The dependence on, and interaction with host red blood cells, the tightly regulated stage-specific expression of protei ...

As outlined in other chapters, the influenza virus, existing laboratory diagnostic abilities, and disease epidemiology have several peculiarities that impact on the timing and processes for the annual production of influenza vaccines. The chapter provides an overview on the key bio ...

Five well-established animal models in influenza research are discussed in a schematic fashion. Although there are clear parallels between these models, like viruses used, housing and handling conditions under biosafety conditions, routes of virus inoculation, sampling strat ...

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are presently the only effective antiviral drugs for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza A and B infections, due to the high prevalence of resistance to the adamantane class of drugs among influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) viruses, including the 2009 ...

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) represent a newer class of anti-influenza drugs. Widespread natural or acquired resistance to NAIs is a major public health concern as it limits pharmaceutical options available for managing seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infections. Mol ...

Influenza virus attachment to sialic acid-containing molecules on the cell surface initiates the infection. The spectrum of functional receptors on target cells and decoy receptors on cells and epithelial mucus varies substantially between animal species leading to variations ...

This chapter describes some commonly used methods of influenza virus titration, antigenic characterization, and serological methods by antibody detection. These methods are essential not only for virus characterization but also for identifying new antigenic variants, vacc ...

The isolation of influenza viruses is important for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases in lower animals and humans, for the detection of the infecting agent in surveillance programs, and is an essential element in the development and production of vaccine. Since influenza is caused by a zo ...

We provide a brief introduction into the genome organization, life cycle, pathogenicity, and host range of influenza A viruses. We also briefly summarize influenza pandemics and currently available measures to control influenza virus outbreaks, including vaccines and antiviral ...

The ability to modify influenza viruses at will has revolutionized influenza research. Reverse genetics has been used to generate mutant or reassortant influenza viruses to assess their replication, virulence, pathogenicity, host range, and transmissibility. Moreover, this t ...

Molecular biological techniques for genomic analysis and for creation of recombinant viruses are critical tools in our efforts to understand and combat influenza A viruses. These molecular virology approaches are used in diagnostics, basic research, molecular epidemiology, bi ...

The first live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed in the USA in 2003; it is a trivalent vaccine composed of two type A (H1N1 and H3N2) and one type B influenza virus each at 107 fluorescent focus units (FFU). Each influenza vaccine strain is a reassortant virus that contains the hemaggluti ...

It seems unlikely that anyone could have foretold the interest, controversy, and concern that the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle in Great Britain would cause when the author was commissioned to investigate its epidemiology in the spring of 1987. The epidem ...

This chapter reviews all proven or highly probable cases of environmentally acquired human spongiform encephalopathy (cannibalism, neurosurgical procedures, cornea1 and dura mater homografts, and natrve pituitary hormone therapy), and evaluates potential but as yet unve ...

In contrast to animal prion diseases, the human forms of prion disease are rare and include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), kuru, Gerstmann-Str�ussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). Meticulous epidemiological research has demonstrated that kuru ...

Some fatal degenerative encephalopathies of mammals form a distinct group because they are caused by unconventional but uncharacterized transmissible agents that evoke no classical iminune response in the affected host. The animal diseases are bovine spongiform encephalop ...

Traditionally, confirmation of Transmissible Sponglform Encephalopathy (TSE) disease in humans or animals is by conventional light microscopy of stained tissue sections prepared from specific sites of formalin-fixed tissue after embedding in paraffin wax. This is the statut ...

Routine histological examination of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) reveals a spectrum of pathological involvement, particularly with regard to the extent and localization of spongiform change. Although there is no difficulty in confirming a diagnosis of CJD in cases with ...

The neuropathology of the classical human prion diseases, Creutzfeldt-Jakob dtsease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and kuru, is characterized by four main featureundefined spongiform change, neuronal loss, ghiosts, and amyloid plaque formation (1–3. These f ...

The spectrum of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, include sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), familial CJD, iatrogenic CJD, and kuru. Although the disorders are rare and currently untreatable, establishing the diagnosis is of consid ...