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The study of carbohydrates has been neglected in favor of consideration of investigation of the properties and functions of the more obviously important classes of biochemicals, nucleic acids, and proteins. There are various reasons for this: the concept of carbohydrates as relatively ...

The food industry is constantly seeking novel ingredients to improve existing products or to allow the introduction of new products. Such new materials must be safe, pure, and inexpensive, otherwise they will be unacceptable in concept. They must also have organoleptic and textural prope ...

D-Mannitol is a sugar alcohol with many applications in food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and chemistry. Mannitol crystallizes in small white needles with a melting point of 165–170�C. Mannitol has a sweet cool taste owing to its high negative heat of solution (−121 kJ/kg). It is about half as sweet as s ...

The microbial oxidation of disaccharides, and notably of sucrose, offers a route to selective synthesis of new products based on a range of industrially available sugars. Thus sucrose is produced in very large quantities with high purity and at a low price. Its specific properties, like high sol ...

The multiple functional groups and stereocenters present in carbohydrates make them quite interesting targets for the organic chemist. Moreover, the use of renewable raw materials, such as corn starch, for synthesis reactions, is in accordance with environmental concerns. Alkylg ...

There are numerous reports on the production of useful compounds by using biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes from microorganisms, plants, and animal organs. One of these areas of research is the biological and enzymatic transformation of useful compounds with stereospeci ...

In order to prepare anomerically pure glycosides by traditional chemical methods, it is either necessary to perform a conventional protection/activation/coupling/deprotection sequence or to synthesize the glycoside as a mixture of anomers which require subsequent resolu ...

Recently many oligosaccharides, such as fructo-, isomalto-, soybean-, and galacto-oligosaccharides, have been widely used in bioindustries as “functional sweeteners” because of their various health-promoting properties, such as being low calorie, and antidental caries, and h ...

Oligosaccharides are molecules of biological interest because of their specific role in recognition mechanisms (1), a property directly linked to the complexity of the structure of their carbohydrate units. These molecules are difficult to produce by chemical synthesis because t ...

The development of new enzyme immobilization techniques that will not affect catalytic activity and conformation is an important research task. Affinity tags that are present or added at a specific position far from the active site in the structure of the native proteins could be used to create ...

Smart polymers are water-soluble polymers that can be precipitated by an appropriate stimulus such as change of pH, ionic strength, temperature, or addition of a chemical species. Such polymers occur naturally (e.g., alginate, chitosan) but can also be synthesized chemically (e.g., methyl ...

This chapter describes two enzyme immobilization methods based on the biomolecule encapsulation into polymer matrices: the sol-gel technology and the entrapment into the polymer poly(vinyl alcohol) with styrylpyridinium groups (PVA-SbQ). The sol-gel technology is based on the f ...

Lipases can be efficiently entrapped in the pores of hydrophobic silicates by a simple and cheap sol-gel process in which a mixture of an alkylsilane is hydrolyzed under basic conditions in the presence of the enzyme. Additives such as isopropanol, polyvinyl alcohol, cyclodextrins, or surf ...

The use of glutaraldehyde and supports containing primary amino groups is one of the most frequently used techniques for enzyme immobilization. However, glutaraldehyde is a very versatile reagent. Using low-ionic strength, the cationic nature of the surface permits the rapid ionic im ...

Commercial epoxy supports may be very useful tools to stabilize proteins via multipoint covalent attachment if the immobilization is properly designed. In this chapter, a protocol to take full advantage of the support’s possibilities is described. The basics of the protocol are as follow ...

The economic viability of biocatalytic conversions is often dependent on finding an effective method for immobilization of the enzyme involved. This provides for its improved operational stability and facile recovery and re-use. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs�) consti ...

The aim of cell microencapsulation technology is to treat multiple diseases in the absence of immunosuppression. For this purpose, cells have been immobilized experimentally within carefully designed capsules that allow the long-term function of the graft. Recently, several adv ...

Gasoline hydrocarbons are a common source of contamination to soil and aquifer systems. Biodegradation of these contaminants by hydrogel-encapsulated bacteria is a novel technique for bioremediation of contaminated sites. Hydrogel capsules provide a stable, consistent, and ...

Proteomic analyses are increasingly implemented to investigate the particular physiology of (naturally or artificially) immobilized microorganisms. The protein maps of immobilized cells are compared with those of suspended counterparts to reveal alterations in protein ...

Bioluminescence measurements have become extremely popular because of good sensitivity and the ability to quantitate a wide variety of analytes. Only recently have these measurements gained particular interest in relation to the study of gene expression and regulation. The firef ...