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Fluorescent dyes have been used as “nanosensors” for visualization and determination of various processes occurring inside a cell, or intracellular events, such as cell cycle progression and intracellular trafficking. Here, we describe a novel use of acridine orange to visualize ly ...

Stimuli-responsive materials are playing an increasingly important role in a wide range of applications such as drug delivery, diagnostics, sensors, and tissue engineering. Among them, gold nanoparticles responding to changes in their surrounding environment are of particular ...

Fluorescent microscopy becomes an essential tool for live imaging analysis of complex biological pathways and events as it enables noninvasive real-time/real-space imaging. The design of fluorescent probes to provide dynamic information and long-term tracking of samples wit ...

Field-flow fractionation is an analytical technique that allows the separation of particles over a size range, from a few nanometers to several microns in diameter. The separation takes place under mild conditions and is suited for the analysis of neutral or charged particles. A single measu ...

Carbon nanotubes are unique one-dimensional macromolecules with promising application in biology and medicine. Since their toxicity is still under debate, here we describe an investigation of genotoxic properties of purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), multiw ...

Protein transduction domains (PTD or cell-permeable proteins) have attracted much attention as drug carriers because of their ability to penetrate cellular membranes. Although numerous PTD have been identified and their properties elucidated, their mechanism of action has not b ...

The production of uniform protein-binding biofunctional fluorescent spherical silica core–shell nanoparticles by a modified St�ber method is described. Fluorescent particle cores with diameters of 100 nm are synthesized in a two-step reaction. Functional shells for subsequ ...

Efficient cellular delivery, including plasma membrane permeability and intracellular metabolic stability, is a crucial factor determining the success of therapeutic agents. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been widely used for the intracellular delivery of vario ...

The medical applications of protein-based therapeutics are hampered by low bioavailability associated with inefficient intracellular delivery. Various delivery materials have been developed and tested to interact with protein cargos in a manner of stabilizing proteins ex ...

The technique of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) and spectroscopy (ECSTS) for studying electron transport through single redox molecules is here described. Redox molecules of both biological and organic nature have been studied by this technique with the ...

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can facilitate uptake of quantum dots (QDs) for a variety of basic and applied sciences. Here we describe a method that utilizes simple noncovalent interactions to complex QDs and CPPs. We further describe methods to study uptake mechanisms of the QD/CPP com ...

Cellular signaling is the fundamental process through which cells communicate with each other and respond to their environment. Regulation of this cellular signaling is crucial for healthy cellular function. Malfunctions in signaling are the cause for many diseases and disorders a ...

The behavior of nanoparticles towards proteins is an important aspect across wide areas of nanotoxicology and nanomedicine. In this chapter, we describe a procedure to study the adsorption of proteins onto nanoparticle surfaces. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is utilized to q ...

Real-time particle tracking is a technique that combines fluorescence microscopy with object tracking and computing and can be used to extract quantitative transport parameters for small particles inside cells. Since the success of a nanocarrier can often be determined by how effect ...

Nanoparticle-based sensor arrays have been used to distinguish a wide range of bio-related molecules through pattern recognition. This “chemical nose” approach uses nanoparticles as receptors to selectively identify the analytes, while a transducer reports the binding throu ...

The microscopic imaging of specific organelles has become a staple of the single-cell assay and has helped define the molecular regulation of many physiological processes. This definition has been made possible by utilizing different criteria to identify specific subpopulations ...

Mechanical stress affects various aspects of cell behavior, including cell growth, morphology, differentiation, and genetic expression. Here, we describe a method to quantify the intracellular mechanical response to an extracellular mechanical perturbation, specifica ...

Polycations like poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) or poly(l-lysine) (pLL) form nanometer-sized complexes with nucleic acids (polyplexes) which can be used for gene delivery. It is known that the properties of these �carriers can be greatly improved by introducing disulfide bridges on the poly ...

Fluorescence-based techniques have found wide applications in life science. Among various luminogenic materials, fluorescent nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their fabulous emission properties and potential applications as sensors. Here, we describe ...

Direct visualization of biological processes at single-molecule level provides a detailed perspective which conventional bulk measurements are hard to achieve. Among various classes of fluorescent tags used in single-molecule tracking, quantum dots are particularly usef ...