实验基础

Candida albicans biofilms are surface-associated, structured communities composed of yeast, hyphal, and pseudohyphal cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. C. albicans biofilms often lead to life-threatening systemic infections and are particularly difficult to e ...

A gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS)-based method has been developed for the accurate and sensitive determination of nine organotin compounds in water: tetrabutyltin, tributyltin, dibutyltin, monobutyltin, triphenyltin, diphenyltin, m ...

he synthesis of proteins is an essential process in cell growth and cell proliferation. The DNA sequence of a gene is first copied (transcribed) into an RNA sequence that is translated into a particular amino acid sequence. One strand of the gene, the RNA-like strand (or sense strand) has a nucleotide se ...

Campylobacter is now recognized worldwide as a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans (1). Campylobacter species are common commensals in the intestinal tracts of poultry and livestock, and food products of animal origin are frequently associated with reported cases ...

The development of combinatorial antibody (Ab) libraries displayed on the surface of phage has led to the production of a wide range of human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against a plethora of viral antigens (Ag) (1-5). However, sometimes the isolation of a given Ab can be particularly difficult ...

The ability to refine the affinity, specificity, and immunogenicity of recombinant antibodies (Abs) offers distinct advantages for the preparation of in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic immunoreagents. The bacterial expression vector pComb3 allows production of recombina ...

Bacterial genome sequencing has revolutionized the research landscape and promises to deliver important changes to the clinical microbiology laboratory, through the identification of novel diagnostic targets and through the birth of a new discipline or “genomic epidemiolo ...

The development of molecular biology has opened the way to new approaches to bacterial identification and typing. Nucleic acids carry the information encoding the bacterial diversity. They can be sequenced easily and, even when undetermined, their sequences can be quickly compared by m ...

Total DNA restriction pattern analysis is one of the techniques commonly used to identify and group bacteria (1–11). This technique can be used to separate species belonging to the same genus (12,13) or to distinguish highly similar bacterial strains within the same species or subspecies (14– ...

The development of a radioimmunological method (radioimmunoassay, RIA) for the determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in human body fluids such as blood serum and urine is described. It comprises three major parts. The first part deals with the generati ...

This chapter presents a high-throughput screening (HTS) immunochemical procedure suitable for processing and analyzing simultaneously multiple urine samples. The method presented here is addressed to assess the level of exposure of the population to certain organochlorine ...

A multiresidue method based on extraction with organic solvents, cleanup by preparative liquid chromatography, and detection by gas chromatography (GC) using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) mode is described for the determination of α- and β-endosulfan and three main metabolites ...

In this chapter, two analytical methods are presented suitable for the determination of pyrethroids in blood plasma and pyrethroid/pyrethrin metabolites in urine. As pyrethroids such as cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, and bioallethrin are metabolized ...

We propose a sensitive and accurate analytical method for quantifying 29 current-use pesticides in human serum or plasma. These pesticides include organophosphates, carbamates, chloroacetanilides, and synthetic pyrethroids, pesticides used in both agricultural and resi ...

A simple, rapid, sensitive procedure based on solid-phase disk extraction (SPDE) is described for the isolation and concentration of trace levels of selected organochlorine pesticides from human body fluids (serum, cord blood, milk, follicular and seminal fluid). Similar methodol ...

Many epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine if any relation exists between pesticide exposure and disease. Biological monitoring is a useful tool for establishing the presence and magnitude of exposures, which are essential parts of the exposure → disease continu ...

A method for the determination or urinary ethylenethiourea (ETU), a major metabolite of ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDTCs), is described. ETU is extracted from human urine, in the presence of ethylenethiourea-d4 as the internal standard, using dichloromethane. The residue is ...

Two methods for the quantitative analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in urine are reported. Hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and internal standards (2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 4-chlorophenoxy ...

A method for the determination of triazines (simazine, atrazine) and their metabolite 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (LC-MS/ESI) in human urine is described. The method outlines the sample pre ...

Gas chromatographic (GC) and liquid chromatographic (LC)-mass spectrometric (MS) methods have been described to analyze pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated phenols in biological samples. After addition of internal standard (ISTD), the samples are hydrolyzed with sulf ...