实验基础

There has been a growing acknowledgment of both the ecological and biotechnological importance of microbes in natural environments. Concerns about the nonrepresentative nature of traditional analytical methods, as a result of their requirement for prior cultivation, have led to ...

Enormous technical advances in imaging and data acquisition techniques, combined with a continuing increased scope for fluorescence labeling of specific constituents of living organisms, have brought about a revolution in approaches to biological problems. Whereas spatial ...

The discovery that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells could be made permeable to fluorescently labeled, sequence specific oligonucleotides makes possible the determinative probing of intact microbial cells (1). Thus, individual target cells can be identified and enumerated in h ...

Determining the taxonomic composition, biomass, and physiological status of microbial assemblages is still one of the greatest challenges facing microbial ecologists. There are many reasons why assessment of microbes in the environment is so demanding, not least their number, div ...

Direct analysis of bacteria from natural environments is problematic. Direct examination of samples by microscopy is an essential technique for bacteriologists, but is prone to error, is time-consuming, and can be tedious. In many situations, the process can be automated using flow cyto ...

Molecular biological methods are now commonly used to detect bacteria in diverse environments ranging from soils, sediments, and sludges (1,2) to plant (3) and mammalian (4,5) tissue and food or water samples (6,7). The techniques most widely used in detection methods are the polymerase chain r ...

The advent of molecular techniques has revolutionized our understanding of microbial ecology, and their use in environmental microbiology is widespread. Many of the recent studies investigating the microbial flora of diverse ecosystems have adopted a common approach of targeted ...

Until recently, studies on microbial communities present in natural environments relied on conventional optical microscopic observation and cultivation-based approaches. Although these traditional approaches remain valuable, they have a number of limitations. The mo ...

Physical separation of either intact target cells or specific molecules from many environments can result in a suspension free of contaminating particles, nontarget cells and biological inhibitors and highly enriched in the target cells or molecules of interest. The processed samp ...

The study of microbial community structure via analysis of total community DNA, or by the application of fluorescent oligonucleotide probes by fluorescent in situ hybridization, has become a valuable tool for understanding microbial diversity and abundance in a range of environmen ...

Effective monitoring of bacteria in the environment is a technical and methodological challenge. Detection and analysis of whole cells or marker molecules from entities as small as individual bacteria is a difficult task. Often it is necessary to increase the number of cells present in a samp ...

Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) and astroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. HuCVs include several prototypes of small, round-structured viruses (SRSVs) as well as morphologically typical caliciviruses. Recent genetic chara ...

The enteroviruses and rhinoviruses are two large groups of viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae that regularly cause infections in humans. Like all picornaviruses they are small nonenveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome that contains a single open r ...

Introduction of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique as a rapid and sensitive method for amplification of DNA has resulted in development of new specific nucleic acid-based techniques for clinical diagnosis of infections (1). Improvements in nucleic acid amplification by P ...

Acute and chronic liver disease is most commonly caused by hepatitis viruses. Liver diseases resulting from hepatitis viruses share the common characteristic of causing inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis viruses affect a significant population in the world and is a serious public he ...

Eight viruses are included in the herpesvirus group: herpes simplex virus (HSV) (types 1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesviruses 6 (HHV-6), 7 (HHV-7), and 8 (HHV-8). All of the herpesvirus have icosahedral symmetry, are surrou ...

Influenza viruses are segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. They are classified into influenza A, B, and C on the basis of different epitopes on the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix proteins (M). Influenza A viruses are further divided into subty ...

The diagnosis of many gastrointestinal disorders is made by assessing lesions in an endoscopic mucosal biopsy subjectively, or by objective parameters and morphometric techniques (1–4). Morphometry was first introduced into pathology 80 yr ago. It arose from doubts about qualitat ...

The widespread use of peroral (capsule) and, more recently, endoscopically obtained mucosal biopsies from jejunum and duodenum provides an easy source of material for diagnostic (clinical) and investigative scientific study. The basis of our understanding of small intestinal di ...

Celiac disease is sustained by an immunological process that mainly affects the jejunal mucosa (1). Nonetheless, jejunum is not the only site of the gastrointestinal tract that is involved in celiac disease. In recent years, Ensari and colleagues (2,3), by using immunohistochemical analy ...