抗体抗原实验

A dual-color enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay enabled us to analyze three kinds of cytokine-secreting cells simultaneously. T helper (Th) cells can be subdivided into at least two distinct functional subsets based on their cytokine secretion profiles. The first type of clones ...

Living in the era of multiplex detection systems, it appears attractive to develop enzymelinked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays for the detection of more than one cytokine released by the same cell. However, despite technical simplicity in building such an assay, several factors have to be con ...

The conventional enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique detects only one secreted cytokine, which constitutes a major pitfall for the accurate characterization of the various T-cell subpopulations. We have therefore developed a fluorospot assay, which is a modificati ...

Vancomycin resistance of Mu50 (VRSA) and Mu3 (hetero-VRSA) is associated with the changes in cell-wall synthesis. Therefore, the analysis of cellwall synthesis and cell-wall composition study is of cardinal importance for the understanding of this resistance mechanism. The rate of the ...

The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to rapidly amplify target DNA molecules has evolved a place within diagnostic microbiology allowing the sensitive and specific identification of microorganisms concurrent with the detection of specific genes involved in resistance or v ...

Acquired resistance to aminoglycosides is most frequently due to the presence of the so-called aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AGME) (1) able to catalyze one or more of three general reactions: N-acetylation, O-nucleotidylation and O-phosphorylation (2). Although resistance ...

Resistance to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin in enterococci, is phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous. Three glycopeptide resistance phenotypes, VanA, VanB, and VanC, account for most glycopeptide resistance in enterococci; they can be distinguished ...

Phenotypic methods for screening Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium Ulcerans for susceptibility to therapeutic drugs are necessarily slow due to the protracted growth times of these bacteria. Rapid testing is now possible for the potent antituberculosis drug rifa ...

The methods accepted to determine antimicrobial drug susceptibility of mycobacteria are based on the determination of the microorganisms’ growth on solid or liquid medium containing a specified concentration of a single drug.

There has been a significant increase in the number of genes associated with antibiotic resistance that have been described. For many antimicrobials all of the principal genes associated with their action have been identified (1). There is increasing interest in the epidemiological di ...

The first appearance of clinically significant penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) occurred in 1967 in Australia (1) and penicillin resistant and multiresistant pneumococci have subsequently spread globally and reached high prevalence in ...

Clinical laboratory identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) has been facilitated in recent years by new DNA and RNA amplification tests (1-4). However, drug susceptibility testing of slowly-growing mycobac ...

Rapid drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is imperative in an age when drug resistance is not rare and up to one-third of the world’s population may be infected with this organism (1). A sensitive, PCRbased system to test mycobacterial antibiotic susceptibil ...

The breakpoint for resistance to vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus is a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of greater than 8 μg/mL (1). Isolation of the first strain of MRSA resistant to vancomycin (VRSA) Mu50 was made from a Japanese surgical patient with a wound infection who had fail ...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen causing a wide spectrum of disease including pneumonia, otitis media, bacteraemia, and meningitis. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and now penicillin resistance is becoming an ever increasing p ...

The most common laboratory measures of response to therapy for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are conversion of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear to negative, or culture positive sputum to negative. AFB enumeration lacks sensitivity and specificity and the culture of M. tube ...

Analysis of RNA has many applications and has become increasingly important both in basic research and clinical application. The type and number of particular mRNA transcripts expressed in M. tuberculosis (MTB) bacilli under various conditions can provide insight into models of path ...

The continued dominance of tuberculosis as a cause of morbidity and mortality (1) has fueled the search for more rapid and reliable means of diagnosis. Numerous systems have now been described for the amplification and detection of DNA or rRNA sequences that are specific for the Mycobacterium t ...

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the leading bacterial pathogens causing illness and death among young children, the elderly, and persons with certain underlying medical conditions (1). Pneumococci are often part of the normal nasopharyngeal flora, especially ...

A highly conserved repeated DNA element has been identified in the chromosome of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and given the name of the BOX repetitive element (1). This was the first demonstration of the presence of such a repetitive DNA moiety in a Gram positive bacterial species. ...