基因表达差异显示实验

Antisense oligonucleotides have been extensively used as downregulators of gene expression (1), and as such are not only increasingly used in various fields as sequence-specific research tools (2–4), but are also tested in clinical trials as antiviral and anticancer agents (5–8).

Genetically engineered crops continue to arouse public controversy. One issue that causes much concern is the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in transgenic plants. These genes provide a means to select plant cells which have acquired the linked foreign gene that encodes a useful t ...

The use of cationic lipids or cationic polymers to mediate the transfer of nucleic acids into mammalian cells has become a widely applied technology in recent years. The principal reasons for this have been the ease with which the methodology can be applied to a wide range of cell types; the relatively l ...

Cervical cancer is still the leading cause of gynecological cancer deaths worldwide in spite of the advent of early diagnosis with the Pap smear. Ninety-five percent of cervical cancers are of squamous cell origin. Cervical carcinoma is almost always associated with infection from oncog ...

The use of protein arrays and their importance in proteomic applications continues to be at the forefront of scientific discovery and innovative technology development. To date, array-based approaches have proven to be a powerful tool for protein expression profiling, novel biomark ...

A fully integrated biochip for the performance of microfluidic-based DNA bioassays is presented. A microlithographically fabricated circumferential interdigitated electrode array of 1- to 5-�m critical line and space dimensions, with associated large area counterelectr ...

We present here a method to identify microsyntenies across several genomes. This method adopts the innovative approach of deconstructing proteins into their domains. This allows the detection of strings of domains that are conserved in their content, but not necessarily in their order, t ...

Conserved domains carry many of the functional features found in the proteins of an organism. This includes not only catalytic activity, substrate binding, and structural features but also molecular adapters, which mediate the physical interactions between proteins or proteins wi ...

The method described in this chapter can be used to infer putative functional links between two proteins. The basic idea is based on the principle of “guilt by association.” It is assumed that two proteins, which are found to be transcribed by a single transcript in one (or several) genomes are likely to be f ...

The constant deluge of genome sequencing data means that annotating, classifying, and comparing proteins or proteomes can seam like an endless task. Furthermore, discovering and accessing such data is fundamental to biologists. There are, however, databases that perform these tasks. ...

Protein sequence classification and comparison has become increasingly important in the current “omics” revolution, where scientists are working on functional genomics and proteomics technologies for large-scale protein function prediction. However, functional cla ...

KEGG is a database resource (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) that provides all knowledge about genomes and their relationships to biological systems such as cells and whole organisms as well as their interactions with the environment. KEGG is categorized in terms of building blocks in the ge ...

During the course of evolution, genomes can undergo large-scale mutation events such as rearrangement and lateral transfer. Such mutations can result in significant variations in gene order and gene content among otherwise closely related organisms. The Mauve genome alignment sys ...

Synteny is the preserved order of genes between related species. To detect syntenic regions one usually first applies sequence comparison methods to the genomic sequences of the considered species. Sequence similarities detected in this way often require manual curation to finally r ...

All protein coding genes have a phylogenetic history that when understood can lead to deep insights into the diversification or conservation of function, the evolution of developmental complexity, and the molecular basis of disease. One important part to reconstructing the relatio ...

A popular approach in comparative genomics is to locate groups or clusters of orthologous genes in multiple genomes and to postulate functional association between the genes contained in such clusters. For a rigorous and efficient detection in multiple genomes, it is essential to have an ap ...

The ever increasing amount of annotated genomic sequences permits now to shed light on the molecular dynamics at the basis of evolution. Genome evolution involves both changes at the sequence level, but also rearrangements on the gene organization along the genome. Comparative analysis ...

Block-interchanges are a new kind of genome rearrangements that affect the gene order in a chromosome by swapping two nonintersecting blocks of genes of any length. More recently, the study of such rearrangements is becoming increasingly important because of its applications in molecu ...

Genome-wide copy number detection using microarray technologies has been one of the recent topics in cancer genetics and also in the research on large-scale variations in human genomes. This chapter describes methods to analyze copy number alterations in cancer genomes using Affymet ...

In genetic association studies, it is necessary to correct for population structure to avoid inference bias. During the past decade, prevailing corrections often only involved adjustments of global ancestry differences between sampled individuals. Nevertheless, populati ...