实验仪器使用技术

Many sensors and biosensors are based on the detection of optical changes in the sensing phase. In order to build a stand-alone sensing device, a miniature and low-cost detection system is critical. Here, the method for manufacturing the most critical part (the photodetector) is described in de ...

Filters are a critical element in fluorescence detection used by many biosensors. One of the main limitations of the conventional optical filters used in biosensors is that they are limited to a single wavelength operation while numerous wavelengths are used in a typical fluorescence det ...

In recent years, there have been unprecedented methodological advances in the dynamic imaging of brain activities. Electrophysiological, optical, and magnetic resonance methods now allow mapping of functional activation (or deactivation) by measurement of neural activity ...

We introduce the concept of spatial and temporal complexity with emphasis on how its fractal characterization for 1D, 2D or 3D hemodynamic brain signals can be carried out. Using high-resolution experimental data sets acquired in animal and human brain by noninvasive methods – such as laser D ...

Astrocytes are electrically non-excitable cells that, on a slow time scale of seconds, integrate synaptic transmission by dynamic increases in cytosolic Ca2+. A number of groups have recently shown that astrocytic Ca2+ signaling regulates vascular tones and that astrocytes play a cent ...

Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is an efficient tool to study cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cellular activity in depth in the brain. We describe here the advantages and weaknesses of the olfactory bulb as a model to study neurovascular coupling using TPLSM. By combining intra- and ex ...

This chapter presents three examples of imaging brain activity with voltage- or calcium-sensitive dyes. Because experimental measurements are limited by low sensitivity, the chapter then discusses the methodological aspects that are critical for optimal signal-to-noise rat ...

Visualization of changes in reflected light from in vivo brain tissues reveals spatial patterns of neural activity. An important factor which influences the degree of light reflected includes the change in light scattering elicited by neural activation. Microstructures of neural t ...

How do populations of neurons work together to control behavior? To study this issue, our group simultaneously records from populations of neurons across multiple electrodes in multiple brain regions during operant behavior. Here, we describe methods for quantifying the relations ...

Generalized spike-wave seizures are typically brief events associated with dynamic changes in brain physiology, metabolism, and behavior. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a relatively high spatiotemporal resolution method for imaging cortical-s ...

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) encompasses a family of non-contact, non-invasive techniques for detecting the magnetic field generated by the electrical activity of the brain, for analyzing this MEG signal and for using the results to study brain function. The overall purpose of MEG is to e ...

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a popular functional imaging tool for human studies. Future diagnostic use of fMRI depends, however, on a suitable neurophysiologic interpretation of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal change. This partic ...

For elucidation of information processing mechanism of the human brain, it is important to know dynamic characteristics of functional areas involved in stimulus processing and the functional network consists of those areas. Although it is very difficult to trace the dynamics of neuron ...

Modern functional neuroimaging techniques, including positron emission tomography, optical imaging of intrinsic signals, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rely on a tight coupling between neural activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF) to visualize brain activity using CBF as a ...

Neuroscience methods entailing in vivo measurements of brain activity have greatly contributed to our understanding of brain function for the past decades, from the invasive early studies in animals using single-cell electrical recordings, to the noninvasive techniques in huma ...

The analysis of gene expression in the central nervous system is complicated by the diversity of its anatomical structures, the heterogeneity of its cell types, and the large number of genes that these cells express. The technique of in situ hybridization histochemistry has both the sensiti ...

The vast majority of somatic cells possess the same complement of genes. What makes one cell different from another is the subset of genes that each expresses. Further, the regulated expression of different sets of genes within a cell largely controls phenomena such as cell development, differ ...

Neuronal programmed cell death (PCD) is a well-recognized developmental phenomenon that culminates in apoptosis (reviewed in Oppenheim, 1991). Shortly after the period of neuroblast proliferation, many neurons, commonly about 50%, die during a circumscribed period at about the ti ...

In the past 20 years that in vitro preparations of central nervous system (CNS) cells have been used to access excitable membrane properties with electrophysiological techniques, there have been remarkable changes both in technology and in knowledge regarding membrane excitabili ...

Antibodies have been widely used in biochemistry as selective probes to study the structure and function of important biological macromolecules. The usefulness of antibody molecules as research tools lies in their unique structure. Antibody molecules consist of two distinct doma ...