实验仪器使用技术

One limitation in the development of biosensors for the early detection of disease is the availability of high specificity and affinity ligands for biomarkers that are indicative of a pathogenic process. Within the past 10 years, biopanning of phage displayed peptide libraries on intact c ...

A powerful strategy for targeted drug discovery is the use of bacteriophage (phage) display technology for identification of peptide-based tumor targeting agents. Peptide pharmaceuticals may possess clinically desirable properties because of their rapid blood clearance, n ...

Over the past two decades, the field of biosensors has been developing fast, portable, and convenient detection tools for various molecules of interest, both biological and environmental. Although much attention is paid to the transduction portion of the sensor, the actual bioreceptor t ...

Many biosensors depend on molecular recognition reagents to achieve highly sensitive and specific detection levels of an analyte of interest. Although new and improved detection platforms continue to be developed, improvements in the affinity and specificity of the molecular rec ...

Aptamers are single-stranded functional nucleic acids that possess cognate ligand recognition capability. These functional nucleic acids have been used for biosensing of a variety of ligands. Aptamers are isolated by “in vitro selection” or SELEX from random-sequence nucleic ac ...

The detection and typing of tumor cells based on differentially or similarly expressed antigens (biomarkers) have proven to be increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. Sensitive techniques for the detection of cell surface antigens are therefore c ...

Several methods are described in which a biological recognition molecule — a critical element in any biosensor — is immobilized onto a silica or silica-based sensing substrate. Although several variations are described, the methods for covalent immobilization share a common theme and ...

A prototype handheld, compact, rapid thermocycler was developed for multiplex analysis of nucleic acids in an inexpensive, portable configuration. Instead of the commonly used Peltier heating/cooling element, electric thin-film resistive heater and a miniature fan enable rap ...

A simple yet highly sensitive implementation of an interferometric technique for a label-free molecular biosensing application is described. The intereferometric detection method is based on the phase-sensitive detection of spectral interference fringes. The change in opt ...

Reflectometry is classified in comparison to the commercialized refractometric surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The advantages of direct optical detection depend on a sophisticated surface chemistry resulting in negligible nonspecific binding and high loading with reco ...

Optical label-free detection prevents the cost and complexity of fluorescence and radio labeling while providing accurate quantitative and kinetic results. We have developed a new optical label-free sensor called the liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR). The LCORR integra ...

The resonant mirror (RM) biosensor is a leaky waveguide-based instrument that uses the evanescent field to probe changes in the refractive index at the sensing surface.The RM can therefore be used to monitor in real-time and label-free the interaction between an analyte in solution and its bio ...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors belong to label-free optical biosensing technologies. The SPR method is based on optical measurement of refractive index changes associated with the binding of analyte molecules in a sample to biorecognize molecules immobilized on the S ...

A platform to detect multiplex fluorescent labels was developed based on liquid phase implementation of the Integrating Waveguide Sensor detection principles. The liquid sample is held in a capillary cuvette with a lens at one end. The excitation light incident on the cuvette at 90� angle. The e ...

In life sciences, the problem of very small volume of sample, analytes, and reagents is often faced. Micro-fluidic technology is ideal for handling costly and difficult-to-obtain samples, analytes, and reagents, because it requires very small volume of samples, in order of μL or even nL. Among many ...

The Integrating Waveguide Biosensor was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial cells, spores, and toxins. A sandwich format of immunoassay was employed using Salmonella as model. The analyte was immunocaptured on the inner surface of the waveguide and then detected by t ...

Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are widely used for the weak light detection in some types of biosensors. A light detection system for biosensors based on PMT generally contains optic fibers, PMT, and filters. Basic principles of those accessories were provided in this chapter. The guides to sele ...

Microfluidic devices are revolutionary in their ability to use very small quantities of liquid samples and to perform biochemical analyses with unprecedented speed. Toward the goal of a lab-on-a-chip that integrates a series of analysis steps and analytical components into a single mic ...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is a powerful tool for biomolecular interaction analysis in proteomics research and drug discovery. But when it is used to analyze small molecules, the sensitivity still needs enhancement. Phase detection is a potential solution, for phase ch ...

An integrated circuit (IC) of photodiode array (PDA) microchip system was used for the on-chip detection of E. coli O157:H7 based on an enzymatic bioassay and light absorption property of the reaction product. The PDA microchip consisting of an array of 12 � 12 photodiode detection elements served ...