实验仪器使用技术

The need for a simple method of examining the early postnatal development of mouse models of human neurodevelopmental disorders has become evident. The following method for evaluating the developmental milestones of newborn mice allows for fast throughput of large numbers of mice in a ba ...

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP, human calculated molecular mass 123,562.8 Da) is a newly discovered glial protein that it is essential for embryonic development and brain formation. ADNP includes an active neuroprotective site, an 8 amino acid peptide NAPSVIPQ ...

What we know today about dopamine (DA) receptors stems directly from the discovery of potent and selective neuroleptic drugs. These compounds are not only essential tools in neuropharmacology, but are also guides that neurobiologists follow to identify, isolate, and even dismantle the ...

Laterality research with normal subjects is plagued by contradictory findings, stemming from the diversity of methods used. These may include reaction time (RT) or accuracy measures with an imposed speed or accuracy set, go/no-go or target/nontarget discriminations, identity, sim ...

After centuries of the theoretical assignment of soul, mind, and bodily functions to various anatomical places, the mid-nineteenth century experienced an explosion of information that allowed accurate cerebral localization to begin. The British philosopher Herbert Spencer a ...

Testing of split-brain patients over the last 25 years has involved a myriad of procedures, both clinical and experimental. Some were adapted from animal testing, others from clinical neurology, and more from experimental psychology. Of these procedures, some proved cumbersome, others ...

Intracarotid injections of amobarbital have been performed for clinical purposes since 1949, when Wada described a method for determination of hemispheric language dominance. It was noted that the intracarotid injection of amobarbital, performed in an attempt to investigate the ...

Functional neuroimaging techniques are to the second century of neurobehavioral research what the clinicopathological method was to the first century—the ultimate empirical method by which theoretical speculations are to be tested. Thus, from Charcot’s day until our own, the “gold ...

Neuropsychological assessment has become increasingly dependent upon the use of test batteries. The use of such batteries has evolved with the influence of several historical perspectives. A prominent factor has been the unequivocal elucidation in the past 30–40 yr of the complexity a ...

Neurodegenerative disorders are common diseases that afflict our society with tremendous medical and financial burdens. As a whole, neurodegeneration strikes individuals of all ages, but becomes increasingly frequent with age, coming to affect a very large share of our elderly popu ...

Mitochondria are key regulators of cellular death. The mitochondrial membranes contain essential enzyme complexes for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and meeting the energy requirements of the cell (Tait and Green, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11:621–632, 2010 and Galluzzi et al., Apopto ...

The application of electron microscopic immunolabeling techniques to the identification and analysis of degenerating processes in neural tissue has greatly enhanced the ability of researchers to examine apoptosis and other degenerative disease mechanisms. This is partic ...

Many experimental animal models of human neurodegenerative diseases have been developed to understand the events leading toward neuronal dysfunction and death. However, definitive comprehension of the molecular and cellular mechanisms in these animal models is problematic ...

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and the related induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have attracted considerable attention since they can provide an unlimited source of many different tissue types. One challenge of using pluripotent cells is directing their broad different ...

Neuronal cultures, including motoneuron (MN) cultures, are established from embryonic animals. These approaches have provided novel insights into developmental and possibly disease mechanisms mediating cell survival or death. Motoneurons isolated from mouse models of di ...

Most neurodegenerative disorders are associated with aggregates of ubiquitinated proteins, such as Lewy bodies in Parkinson’s disease and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease. Although the etiology of the sporadic forms of these disorders remains elusive, these ob ...

The great potential of induced pluripotent cells (iPS) cells is that it allows the possibility of deriving pluripotent stem cells from any human patient. Generation of patient-derived stem cells serves as a great source for developing cell replacement therapies and also for creating hum ...

In recent years, the rapid advances in human genetics have identified many genes that are responsible for inherited diseases. In the effort to understand pathogenic pathways and develop therapeutics, researchers have developed genetic animal models as critical tools for the purpose ...

Although the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used extensively for many years in neurodevelopmental studies, use of this teleost to study neurological diseases has evolved only recently. Being a vertebrate, this animal offers advantages for the study of human disease over other small ani ...

Ischemic stroke is among the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability in the western world. Despite enormous research activities in the last decades, current therapeutic options for acute stroke patients are still very limited. Reliable and realistic in vivo animal models r ...