实验仪器使用技术

Accurate staging is essential to offer the patient the most effective available treatment and the best estimate of prognosis. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), surgical resection offers the best chance of cure in the early stages, either alone or in combination with chemo- or radiotherapy ...

Esophageal cancer ranks among the ten most common malignancies in the world and is a frequent cause of cancer-related death. Almost all therapeutic modalities for esophageal cancer are associated with considerable mortality and morbidity. Consequently, there has been growing conc ...

For NSCLC, F-18 FDG-PET scans allow more thorough staging, thus avoiding unnecessary treatments. It reduces radiation treatment volumes because of the avoidance of mediastinal lymph nodes that are PET negative and hence reduces toxicity with the same radiation dose or enables radiati ...

The steroid hormone aldosterone, which is synthesized in the suprarenal glands and secreted in response to a reduction in circulating blood volume, increases water and sodium reabsorption in the kidney (1,2). Although kidney is the major target organ, various other cell types, including d ...

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the principles and practice of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Its goal is to equip researchers in the life sciences with a basic understanding of the capabilities and limitations of magnetic resonance techniques, and a command ...

Recent strides in targeted therapy and regenerative medicine have created a need to identify molecules and metabolic pathways implicated in a disease and its treatment. These molecules and pathways must be discerned at the cellular level to meaningfully reveal the biochemical under ...

We give an overview of the applications and methods of high-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the study of embryonic and fetal development in animal models. Challenges associated with performing in utero studies are described. Recent in utero images in mouse and in ...

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, with both MRI physicists and biologists starting to use MRI to identify mouse models of human disease. The purpose of this chapter is to provide details of the animal handling necessary for routine and robu ...

MRI-based perfusion imaging techniques can be classified into those that use exogenously administered contrast agents and those that use an endogenous material that reflects blood flow. This chapter focuses on the technique of arterial spin labeling (ASL), in which endogenous water is ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly becoming an important tool to study anatomy of rodent brains. Compared with histology, it has clear advantages because the entire 3D object can be captured as an image nondestructively. However, low imaging resolution and a small number of a ...

Quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) measurements of energy metabolism (i.e., cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption, CMRo2), blood circulation (i.e., cerebral blood flow, CBF; and cerebral blood volume, CBV), and functional MRI (fMRI) were us ...

Gene expression profiling from microdissected cell populations is a powerful approach to explore molecular processes involved in development and solid tumor biology. In this chapter, we detail robust and validated methods for tissue preparation and isolation of high-quality RNA ...

Monoclonal and polyclonal antisera raised against recombinant proteins are highly sensitive probes that reveal cellular and subcellular protein localization in developing embryos. For Drosophila researchers, the ease of generating such antisera (1) and the number and wides ...

Owing to its extremely rapid rate of development, as well as its optical transparency, the zebrafish embryo provides an excellent experimental system for analyzing the cellular dynamics that underlie vertebrate body axis formation. Moreover, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is very amen ...

There are many problems affecting microscopy in Xenopus. Xenopus oocytes and embryos are fragile and lack connective tissue. They are also full of yolk platelets, which prevents frozen sectioning because the yolk crystallizes and tears the sections. In addition, the yolk autofluoresc ...

How individual cells and tissues organize and coordinate to form the structure of a developing embryo is a major question in developmental biology. Equally intriguing is how cells in adult tissue respond during wound healing and tissue regeneration. In these morphogenetic processes th ...

The development of laser scanning confocal microscopy provides a powerful means to observe structures and components within the cell. Equally important advances have also occurred in the development of reagents and techniques for generating functional fluorescently tagged p ...

Most animal cells maintain a large gradient of free calcium across the plasma membrane (10,000-fold or more), with intracellular free calcium held at a level of about 100 nM. To accomplish this, cells have an array of molecular machinery including ATP-driven calcium pumps, calcium exchangers, ...

If developmental biologists were given the chance to design the perfect cell-or tissue-specific marker, they would ensure that it had several properties. First, it would function in living animals, eliminating the need for fixation and dehydration and their associated artefacts. Sec ...

Recent improvements in confocal technology permit the use of a confocal microscope as an effective tool to both measure concentration and visualize distribution of several ions. Effective discrimination against out-of-focus information in the confocal microscope permits for ...