实验仪器使用技术

The last developments of sensors and biosensors involving microelectrodes modified with carbon nanotubes to detect species with biochemical or biological relevance are reviewed in this chapter. Apart from the different electrode configurations employed, special conside ...

d-serine is an endogenous co-agonist of N-methyl d-aspartate receptors, and has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Correspondingly, d-serine signaling may represent an important pharmacological target for treating these diseases. However, ...

We have set out to develop a novel, implantable microelectrode array that has the capabilities to detect neurotransmitters with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and temporal sampling capabilities compared to other current technologies. We have shown that this device maintai ...

Recording basal levels of extracellular glutamate by microdialysis in the brain of freely moving animals is of limited value as the result does not fulfill the criteria of synaptic origin (TTX or calcium dependency). In this chapter we discuss whether the recently developed microsensor te ...

Changes in acetylcholine (ACh) release in the forebrain represent a critical step in the activation of larger neuronal circuits mediating cognitive functions. Therefore, the development of methods which allow the assessment of ACh release at a high temporal and spatial resolution is of ...

Glucose biosensors were prepared by immobilizing glucose oxidase on carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) either by cross-linking glutaraldehyde vapors or via enzyme entrapment in films of m-phenylenediamine or resorcinol. The enzymatic layer was then covered with a membrane m ...

The purines, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine, are now recognized as extracellular signaling agents in both the brain and peripheral organs. The mechanisms of purinergic signaling can differ from those of conventional neurotransmission especially in the variety of rel ...

The application of biosensors for near real-time monitoring of key energy and signaling molecules in the intact brain poses major challenges at a number of levels. In this context, amperometric biosensor functionality is impacted by a variety of physicochemical and biological phenom ...

Protein immobilization is a key step in biosensor preparation that impacts on the overall performance. Among the wide variety of immobilization techniques currently available, only a few have been reliably applied in vivo. In this chapter, we discuss five different enzyme immobilizat ...

Hexacyanoferrates such as Prussian blue or Ruthenium Purple have great potential for use in microelectrode biosensors. They act as surface-bound mediators that greatly facilitate the detection of H2O2 at modest potentials, thereby increasing the selectivity of the biosensors v ...

Measuring the concentration of neurotransmitters in the extracellular space of living brain tissue is vital in our understanding of neurochemical events. Electrochemical microelectrodes and microsensors are commonly used for in vivo neurotransmitter monitoring; each ma ...

A major goal of our research is to develop an implantable device for routine amperometric recordings of l-glutamate and other neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system. Specifically, we wanted to develop a microelectrode that is (1) mass produced such that other laborat ...

The electrode is a vital element of a microelectrode biosensor, which is designed to transform the recognition of a biological molecule into an easily quantifiable electrical signal. The most widely used enzymatic biosensors rely on oxidases for detecting neurotransmitters and met ...

The production of contrast agents sensitive to neuronal signaling events is a rate-limiting step in the development of molecular-level functional magnetic resonance imaging (molecular fMRI) approaches for studying the brain. High-throughput generation and evaluation of po ...

The application of fluorescent receptor ligands has become widespread, incited by two important reasons. “Seeing is believing”—it is possible to visualize in real time in live cells ligand–receptor interactions, and to locate the receptors with subcellular precision allowing one to ...

In this protocol, we describe the procedures we have developed to optimize the performance of voltage-sensitive dyes for recording changes in neuronal electrical activity. We emphasize our experience in finding the best dye conditions for recording backpropagating action poten ...

Fluorescent ion sensors are quite valuable in experimental biology. The development of new sensor molecules requires determination of spectral properties (absorption bands, fluorescence excitation, and emission maxima) in order to characterize the type of optical response to ...

Light is an exquisite reagent for controlling the activity of biological systems, often offering improved temporal and spatial resolution over strictly genetic, biochemical, or pharmacological manipulations. This chapter describes a general approach for developing small m ...

Incorporation of photoisomerizable chromophores into small molecule ligands represents a general approach for reversibly controlling protein function with light. Illumination at different wavelengths produces photostationary states (PSSs) consisting of differ ...

Voltage-gated potassium (K v) channels are membrane proteins that open a selective pore upon membrane depolarization, allowing K+ ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient. In neurons, K v channels play a key role in repolarizing the membrane potential during the falling phase of the a ...