实验仪器使用技术

Animals (including human beings) show complex interactions with their own species, other species, and the environment. An encounter between two animals such as that of rodent aggression (described by Grant and Mackintosh, 1963) 27 involves intricate behavioral patterns, presumab ...

Associative learning can occur as a result of the arrangement of contingencies between stimuli and outcomes. The experimenter controls the occurrence of these events in classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927) 131. In instrumental conditioning, the experimenter arranges the envi ...

The term tolerance typically refers to the relatively common observation that during chronic drug treatment the effect(s) of some drugs may progressively reduce in magnitude. For example, there is now evidence suggesting that in a variety of animal models of anxiety, the anxiety-reducing ...

It is the intent of this chapter to selectively review data pertaining to the phenomenon of drug-discrimination learning (DDL), i.e., discriminative control of behavior by drug states. A related phenomenon is state-dependent learning (SDL), i.e., the observation that a behavior learned in ...

Research on electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) has a long and venerable history. As reviewed elsewhere (Ervin and Kenney, 1971 53; Doty, 1969 48), brain stimulation has made classical contributions to neuroscience research, including the localization of cortical areas subservi ...

The blood-brain barrier is a system of tissue sites that restrict and regulate the movement of hydrophilic solutes between the blood and the central nervous system The barrier between blood and brain extracellular fluid is located at the brain capillary endothelium, whereas the barrier be ...

Abstract As neuroanatomical discoveries in the brain are made, there follows an intense curiosity about function. Frequently, the two initial questions asked are. What happens if the tissue is removed, and what happens if it is activated? Perhaps the first to use an experimental ablation meth ...

This chapter is designed to provide a scientist who is not familiar with the brain slice preparation with some of the information needed to evaluate its suitability for a particular task. It is obviously not possible in a book chapter to describe all the uses to which brain slices have been put, and so one is fa ...

Several macro- and microdissectron methods for sampling brain regions have been reported. Large regrons, such as cortex, striatum, and hypothalamus, can be separated either in fresh whole brains (in situ preparation) or dissected out from brain slices with or without a microscope. When more ...

Radical changes in life have evolved on Earth since the Cambrian period, radical changes in evolutionary theory have developed since the Darwinian period. The concept of gradual physical change in species is yielding to a more credible hypothesis of long epochs of genetic stability interr ...

The use of human postmortem brain tissue in neurochemical and neuropharmacological research has received increasing attention over the past two decades. In fact, there is one work that, more than any other, can be identified as being responsible for the interest in this approach It was Birkmay ...

The processes of axonal transport are in most respects identical to intracellular transport in other metazoan cells. The shapes and sizes of neurons do require that intracellular transport be amplified to an unusual degree in both the amount of material moved and the distance traveled, but the ...

Electrophysrological studies of the brain in mammals have made extensive use of immobilized preparations Experimental animals are commonly anesthetized or immobilized by curare or by section of the brain stem (cerveau isol�) (Bremer, 1935) or spinal cord at level Cl (enc�phale isol�) (B ...

The physiological and pharmacological examination of the nervous system enjoyed enormous popularity over the last several decades It is now possible to record the electrical currents generated by ions passing through individual membrane channels and to define precisely the mole ...

The synapse is recognized as the major structure of interneuronal communication, and a likely site of Integration and information storage within networks of neurons and the central nervous system itself Communication via these synaptic contacts involves a process of transduction ...

The methodology of tissue culture was introduced more than three quarters of a century ago by (1907) as “a method by which the end of a growing nerve could be brought under direct observation while alive, in order that a correct conception might be had regarding what lakes place as the fiber extends during e ...

Molecularly imprinted polymers are now well known as synthetic polymeric receptors or robust artificial antibodies (“plastibodies”) and have attracted considerable attention from the scientific and industrial community due to their inherent simplicity, reusability, ro ...

The ability to detect the presence of certain molecular analytes inside the human body is vital to the ability of a medical professional to assess a patient’s health. The use of sensitive and selective biosensors would be a tremendous asset to the field of medical screening and diagnosis. The fabri ...

The convergence of photonics, electrochemistry, materials, and biomedical sciences at the nanoscale opens up significant new opportunities. For example, ElectroChemiLuminescence (ECL), in which an electronically excited state is electrochemically created that then go ...

There is an increasing interest in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) as the transducing method for label-free biosensors. This technique allows the direct detection of the affinity complex formation through the variation of the capacitance or that of the charge transf ...