实验仪器使用技术

The present chapter deals with a model of opiate abstinence in which the primary event is motivation, as indexed by the ability of withdrawal to produce avoidance behavior. The propensity of rodents to learn rapidly to avoid novel flavors paired with illness (Garcia et al., 1974; Rozin and Kalat, 197 ...

An obvious preliminary to the discussion of models of “drug addiction” is to consider what we mean by that term. Over the past several decades, a number of definitions of drug addiction have been used. Although some of the historically earliest definitions of addiction or drug dependence relied in p ...

Caffeine is a widely used compound found both in drug preparations and in commonly consumed foods and beverages. Most human exposure occurs primarily through consumption of caffeinated beverages (e.g., coffee, tea, and soft drinks) such that, across all age groups, the average daily dose of ca ...

The use of genetically specified animals to address fundamental questions in neuroscience continues to grow apace. In the early 1950s, (Mardones 1951) reported the development by selective breeding of strains of rats preferring and not preferring to drink alcohol. (McClearn and Rodge ...

The barbiturates consist of a pyrimidine nucleus derived from the condensation of malonic acid and urea. Pharmacologically, barbituric acid per se does not have central nervous system (CNS) depressant action. The CNS action is produced only after the appropriate alkyl or aryl groups are su ...

Ethanol abuse is usually understood to include heavy ethanol use as well as the development of medical, legal, social, and/ or family problems from drinking. The various problems associated with the excessive use of alcoholic beverages have made ethanol abuse and alcoholism a dominant medi ...

The purpose of the present chapter is not to review all drug-induced animal models of psychiatric and neurological diseases, but to discuss a number of models that highlight their usefulness and limitations. I have made my choice of models to discuss partly on the basis of their role (putative or act ...

During the last 15 years, the methods proposed to study the regulation of cholinergic transmission in vivo have required the labeling of the acetylcholine (ACh) and choline stored in neurons by injecting labeled precursors of ACh, and by measuring simultaneously the changes with time in the s ...

The indoleamme serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was described in the central nervous system (CNS) more than 30 years ago (Amin et al., 1954; Bogdanski et al., 1956; De Robertis, 1964; Twarog and Page, 1953; Zieher and De Robertis, 1963) based on biochemical determinations of this amine in diffe ...

Acetylcholine (ACh) is known to be a neurotransmitter in the nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. The fact that numerous plants, animals, and bacteria have evolved toxins that selectively interfere with cholinergic transmission is an indication of the relative import ...

Most studies concerning the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs are based on pharmacological interactions. A drug known to block, for instance, the dopaminegic system is utilized to establish whether another drug exerts its pharmacological effects via that monoammergic sys ...

The neurotransmitter amines, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and serotonin (5-hydroxytrypt-amine, 5-HT) are continuously released and destroyed at various rates, yet their content in neuronal tissue remains relatively constant. Thus, it is not possible to ...

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), was discovered as a serum factor that exerts tonic effects on blood vessels; its chemical structure was elucidated in 1948. The compound gained wide interest among pharmacologists, and in a short time a great number of in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic ...

There are several dopaminergic pathways present in mammalian brain (Ungerstedt, 1971a, b, c, d; Schultz, 1982). Perhaps the most studied of these is the nigrostriatal pathway, which arises from pigmented cell bodies in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra and projects rostrally to the neo ...

Synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) is a critical mechanism by which synaptic transmission is regulated and maintained at presynaptic boutons. Small molecules that target SVE may prove to be useful not only for basic research into synaptic function but also in treating diseases that invo ...

Regulated exocytosis is a fundamental event in specialized secretory organs that has been primarily studied in in vitro and ex vivo model systems. The recent application of intravital microscopy to image subcellular structures in vivo has enabled researchers to investigate the mach ...

A number of approaches have been developed during the last decades to assess exocytosis in neuronal, endocrine, and other secretory cells. A detailed description of a selection of the methods that have been adapted to study regulated exocytosis in endocrine tissue slices is provided in this c ...

Exocytosis is a fundamental process utilized by all eukaryotic organisms; this elegantly efficient process mediates such diverse functions as fertilization, synaptic transmission, and wound healing. Membrane fusion, the defining step of this process, has been well conserved th ...

Here we discuss the useful properties of a preparation of isolated neurosecretory nerve terminals obtained from mammalian neurohypophyses (posterior pituitaries). These nerve terminals release the two neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, which are easily assayed by ra ...

Many methods have been developed for the study of exo- and endocytosis. One of the most elegant consists of cellular membrane capacitance measurements which reflect membrane area changes due to fusion or fission of secretory vesicles. This parameter can be monitored directly by the electr ...