实验仪器使用技术

Our increasing understanding of the psychological mechanisms involved in the transition from controlled to habitual compulsive drug use, the hallmark of drug addiction, relies on animal models in which the underlying behavioral construct reflects some of the main features of drug ad ...

The thesis of this chapter is that the unconscious (basic) craving process, consisting of activation within limbic incentive motivation and memory systems, is ultimately responsible for relapse behaviors. The chapter first includes a brief discussion of current clinical concept ...

Impulsivity is a multifaceted behavioural trait commonly linked to drug abuse and addiction involving rash or risky behaviour and a strong tendency towards spur-of-the-moment, poorly judged decisions and actions. At its core, impulsivity arises through an inability to adequately s ...

The act of bingeing represents the culmination of a potentially abusive behavioral routine, and underscores the beginning of an addiction cycle. Experimental binges provide a valid model for examining aspects of the gradual progression from drug use to abuse, particularly when attem ...

Drugs of abuse generate diverse behavioral and physiological effects. One feature common to many abused drugs is the phenomenon of “withdrawal,” which results from abrupt termination of drug administration. The initial phases of drug withdrawal, often referred to as the “crash” phase in h ...

The most insidious aspect of drug addiction in humans is a high and recurrent propensity to relapse. Over the past several decades, the reinstatement procedure has received widespread use as an animal model of drug relapse, to study the basic mechanisms underlying drug-seeking responses in l ...

Drug delivery to the central nervous system requires the use of specific portals to enable drug entry into the brain and, as such, there is a growing need to identify processes that can enable drug transfer across both blood-brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Phage display is a powerf ...

The development of imaging and therapeutic agents against neuronal targets is hampered by the limited access of probes into the central nervous system across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The evaluation of drug penetration into the brain in experimental models often requires complex ...

Standard chemotherapy administered systemically has a limited efficacy in the treatment of brain tumors. One of the major obstacles in the treatment of brain neoplasias is the impediment to delivery across the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many innovative approaches have been dev ...

Promoting functional recovery after ischemic brain injury has emerged as a potential approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke. An ideal restorative approach to enhance long-term functional recovery is to promote postischemic angiogenesis and neurogenesis. This chapter d ...

The blood–nerve barrier (BNB) is one of the functional barriers sheltering the nervous system from circulating blood. It is very important to understand the cellular properties of endothelial cells of endoneurial origin because these cells constitute the bulk of the BNB. This chapter des ...

The outer blood–retinal barrier is composed of a monolayer of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch’s membrane, and the choriocapillaris, which is fenestrated. An in vitro model that includes all these layers within a 3-D architecture confers a clear advantage over traditional monola ...

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises the microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes, which are connected by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Current BBB models focus solely on the microvascular endothelial cells which constitute a physical barrier by format ...

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a monolayer of endothelial cells that is regulated by the proximity of a unique basement membrane and a tightly controlled molecular interaction between specialized subsets of cells including pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Working together, th ...

In species as varied as humans and flies, humoral/central nervous system barrier structures are a major obstacle to the passive penetration of small molecules including endogenous compounds, environmental toxins, and drugs. In vivo measurement of blood-brain physiologic functi ...

Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins in mammalian cells and is limited mainly to membrane and secreted proteins. Glycoproteins play several key roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are attractive ...

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) physically and metabolically functions as a neurovascular interface between the brain parenchyma and the systemic circulation, and regulates the permeability of several endogenous substrates and xenobiotics in and out of the central nervous syst ...

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has been well studied in terms of its pharmacological properties. However, for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating these activities, means to thoroughly investigate the BBB at the genomic and proteomic levels are essential. Glo ...

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the movements of molecules, nutrients, and cells from the systemic blood circulation into the central nervous system (CNS), and vice versa, thus allowing an optimal microenvironment for CNS development and function. The brain endothelial cells (BE ...

Contrast agents are widely used with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to increase the contrast between regions of interest and the background signal, thus providing better quality information. Such agents can work in one of two ways, either to specifically enhance the signal that is produc ...