实验仪器使用技术

The below citation that sounds like presented just yesterday, illustrates the problems clinicians and researchers have been facing for more than a half-century. Over those years, we have learnt a lot about subarachnoid hemorrhage, physiology, and pathophysiology of cerebral vessel ...

Cerebral arterial tone is regulated by a concert of contractile signals , and vasodilatory signals in arterial smooth muscle cells. After subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a variety of molecules are released into subarachnoid space and stimulate arterial cells to enhance contractile ...

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a critical second messenger signaling molecule, the modulation of which is a central mode of nervous system function. The development of genetically encoded sensors for cAMP has made it possible to measure cAMP dynamics within living cells with h ...

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are useful tools for tracking target analytes in cells, tissues and living organisms. These probes are often chimeric proteins consisting of a recognition element (e.g., a ligand-binding protein) and a reporter element (one or more fluore ...

Genetically encoded calcium indicators make it possible to track neural activity on a population-wide level. Here we describe a preparation that enables two-photon imaging of neural activity in an essentially intact fly. We present strategies to minimize motion of the brain, both in prep ...

Recent development of genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) allows us to directly monitor neural activities in in vivo preparations from various organisms, enabling the exploration of neural substrates for complex behaviors. As a showcase for such renovated neuroeth ...

Continuing improvements in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) make imaging an increasingly attractive method to observe neural activity in the Drosophila brain. Two-photon imaging with GECIs allows calcium signals to be monitored in the entire adult fly central bra ...

A method for imaging the synaptic activity of antennal lobe neurons in the Drosophila brain was developed to visualize and study cellular memory traces. Cellular memory traces are defined as any change in the activity of a neuron that is induced by learning, which subsequently alters the proces ...

Many animals are able to detect a plethora of diverse odorants using arrays of odorant receptors located on the olfactory organs. The olfactory information is subsequently encoded and processed by an overlapping, combinatorial activity of neurons forming complex neural circuits in t ...

Imaging of Ca2+ indicators is widely used to record transient intracellular Ca2+ increases associated with bioelectrical activity. The natural bioluminescent Ca2+ sensor aequorin has been historically the first Ca2+ indicator used to address biological questions. Aequorin is g ...

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus play an important role in the neuroendocrine control of energy homeostasis and growth hormone secretion. These neuropeptides are synthesized in such small quantities th ...

In experimentally amenable organism models, several different physiological techniques have been developed to functionally record the neuronal activity, with the goal to map the neuronal circuitry and elucidate the neural code underlying major neurophysiological functi ...

Methods to define circuit organization in the brain are largely based upon the axonal transport capabilities of neurons. Numerous tracers have been developed since the 1970s that are sequestered by neurons and transported through axons in either the anterograde or retrograde direct ...

Cerebral perfusion, the rate of blood delivery to brain tissue, plays an important role in tissue viability and brain function. The most commonly used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to assess brain perfusion and tissue haemodynamics in clinical investigations is known as dynam ...

In the past decades, physiological research has progressively moved towards less invasive methods that could be used to study freely moving animals. In this chapter we describe the use of digital infrared thermography to detect changes in skin vasoconstriction, body temperature, brown ...

This chapter describes well-established procedures for multiple-labelling immunofluorescence as applied to peripheral neurons. Tissues are fixed with a mixture of formaldehyde and picric acid, and then processed through solvents (ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide or xylene) ...

This protocol describes a procedure for combining non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) histochemistry with multi-label fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) on rat brain tissue sections. This allows visualization of multiple mRNA and protein targets located w ...

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a useful method to investigate de novo mRNA expression in tissue sections. The high specificity and sensitivity of this technique combined with the great preservation of tissue and cellular morphology conferred by fixatives such as 4% paraformaldehyde ma ...

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy is a powerful application of fluorescence microscopy that allows selective imaging of fluorescent molecules that are either in or close to the plasma membrane of a cell. Thus, it is ideally suited to imaging the trafficking of molecules ...

The number of neurotransmitter receptors on the plasma membrane is regulated by the traffic of �intracellular vesicles. Golgi-derived vesicles provide newly synthesized receptors to the cell surface, whereas clathrin-coated vesicles are the initial vehicles for sequestrat ...