实验仪器使用技术

The complete reproductive cycle of Xenopus spans up to 18 mo from the earliest stages of oogenesis to the sexually mature adult. Owing to its popularity as an embryonic model, the long arduous path to adulthood in Xenopus has been thoroughly documented (see Deuchar, 1966, Deuchar, 1975; Nieuwkoop a ...

This chapter is meant to serve two functions. First, we present the methods used to produce the experimental results presented in the following chapters. These are designed to assist the reader in understanding the accompanying figures and to define the specific experimental conditions ...

The rhesus macaque represents a pragmatic animal model for elucidating mechanisms underlying normal and pathological human behaviors. Many of the same techniques that are used in clinical studies can be readily applied to the nonhuman primate studies. These including the use of Actiwa ...

Uncertainty is an important concept in neuroscience: due to its relevance in everyday life, because of theoretical significance for neurocomputational models, and clinical implications. A body of empirical research has tackled fundamental questions about how uncertainty is re ...

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. Impairments in the capacity for social interaction include deficits in the use of nonverbal behaviors, failure to d ...

Place conditioning is among the most commonly used procedures to assess drug reward in animals. The procedure is used to study acquisition of conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement, to compare across drugs and doses of drugs, and to examine interactions between drugs and environme ...

Fear conditioning is an experimental tool that has been, and continues to be, widely used in the field of neuroscience. It is used to understand the neural and psychological bases for fear learning and more recently for fear extinction, along with several other phenomena such as reinstatement and ...

Spatial learning and memory requiring navigation has been widely assessed as a part of traditional rodent cognitive testing. Significantly fewer studies have examined spatial learning and memory requiring navigation in nonhuman primates and humans. While rodent spatial tasks u ...

The purpose of this chapter is to first describe common clinical and laboratory tests and measures used to capture alterations in motor control in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and secondly, to detail both morphological and motor tests that are used in two rodent models of PD. For the de ...

This chapter provides protocols for the study of rodent vision. An advantage of the visual system is that the physiological and behavioral response to the natural stimulus, light, can be measured. Moreover, the anatomy and circuitry of the system have been the subject of much research. Here, we des ...

The knowledge base on behavioral parameters and neural substrates involved in eyeblink classical conditioning is extensive and continues to expand. The close parallels in behavior and neurobiology in mammalian species including humans make eyeblink conditioning an ideal par ...

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that provides information about cellular microstructure through measurements of water diffusion. Because inferences about neuroanatomy can be made from DTI, this methodology has been used to charac ...

Brain injury resulting from cerebral ischemia is a significant clinical problem. Stroke (focal cerebral ischemia) is the third leading cause of death in the United States. In addition, approximately 500,000 people annually in the United States suffer brain injury after global brain isc ...

Sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of abused drugs provides a behavioral measure thought to reflect underlying neural adaptations to repeated drug exposure. Neurochemical measures have provided information about the specific neural systems impacted and alt ...

Clinical/behavioral measures have traditionally been used to assess neurologic outcomes after human traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in experimental models of TBI. In this chapter, we address the metrics to assess injury/recovery in human TBI and consider the determinants of out ...

Label-free strategies for quantitative proteomics provide a versatile and economical alternative to labeling-based proteomics strategies. We have shown for different types of biological samples that spectral counting-based label-free quantitation is a promising aven ...

The combined use of liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in proteomics research has proven to be a valuable asset in the success of this field of science. Advances in LC-MS-MS technology have allowed researchers to identify an increasing number of proteins f ...

Phospholipidomics by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry, including sample preparation, instrumental analyses, and data interpretation, is described in the chapter.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains peptides and proteins important for brain physiology and potentially also relevant to brain pathology. Therefore, CSF provides an attractive source for biomarker discovery in brain and neurological diseases. CSF proteomics provides an anal ...

A suite of bioactive peptides orchestrates a variety of cellular interactions in the mammalian brain. A new bioanalytical strategy, neuropeptidomics, has evolved from the quest to characterize these important signaling peptides (SPs). The goal of a neuropeptidomics experiment is ...