Individual cellular behaviors are controlled by extrinsic signals within the environmental milieu. These signals maybe ions, nutrients, hormones, or, pertinent to this review, a collection of proteins generally termed “growth factors.” Growth factors, which may have autocrine, p ...
The technique of culturing cells derived from the nervous system has been in use for over 80 years, with the objective of simplifying the experimental system to provide readily manipulatable models of neural function. These preparations are useful for testing hypotheses relevant to cell a ...
Tissue culture provides an opportunity to study the functions of the nervous system under strictly controlled conditions. As amply documented in other chapters in this volume, the culture medium, the surface upon which the cultures are growing, and various cellular and soluble factors can ...
Until recently, the cell culture technique was employed as the sole biological system within a laboratory, and major efforts were concentrated on the setting up and running of such a cell culture laboratory. However, recent developments in several areas, use on monoclonal antibodies and ce ...
The microvasculature of the brain is important in the normal development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. Since glial cells are in close contact with brain capillaries in situ, communication between glial cells and capillary endothelial cells is thought to be important in mai ...
Oligodendrocytes were first described by Robertson in 1899 as small cells with a few processes of variable length. In 1921, del Rio Hortega published a detailed histological description of these cells and coined the descriptive word “oligodendrocyte.” The localization of these cells al ...
In 1964, in the Johns Hopkins clinics, Michael Lesch and William Nyhan saw two brothers with cerebral palsy, movement disorder, and an extremely high plasma uric acid (VA) level. Most striking in these patients was compulsive self-mutilatory behavior (SMB) involving intense biting of the dig ...
An optical measurement of membrane potential using a molecular probe might be beneficial in a variety of circumstances. “Such a probe could, we believe, provide a powerful new technique for measuring membrane potential in systems where, for reasons of scale, topology, or complexity, the use of ...
As other chapters in this book demonstrate, intra- and extracellular recording provide considerable information about the electrical behavior of cells. However, as Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) taught us long ago, analysis of the mechanisms that generate electrical activity is far easier ...
In this chapter, we will give an overview of the methods for making electrical recordings from single ion channels in cell membranes and in planar lipid bilayers, endeavoring to point out the advantages and limitations of each approach. Since extensive treatments of various aspects of the tec ...
The technique of intracellular recording is useful in studies seeking information about the functioning of individual neurons, their place in neuronal circuitry, and their membrane properties. For some of the just named applications, intracellular recording is the only method for o ...
One of the major challenges for the neuropharmacologist is to relate functions to the numerous ligand binding sites identified in brain tissue; there are, for example, at least seven postulated 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and associated subtypes. Such studies involve bioc ...
Techniques for measuring ion concentrations in tissue have been vitally important for critically evaluating a broad range of physiological phenomena. Refinements that allow ion activities to be monitored with considerable spatial and temporal precision have been particula ...
Children with mental retardation typically show a general developmental delay, whereas in specific developmental disorders, there is a delay in a specific area of behavior, such as reading or speech. According to DSMIII (American Psychiatric Association, 1980,1987), the diagnostic ...
Much of our present understanding of human biology has been acquired directly from animal experiments. Animal research has strongly enhanced our understanding of neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and genetic factors in normal and pathological functioning of human beings. Howev ...
Behavioral pharmacology is the detection, description, and explanation of drug effects on behavior. It can be divided into four subsections: 1. The neurochemical or physi
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a complex array of neuropathological, biochemical, and behavioral sequelae (Folstein and Whitehouse, 1983). AD is a recognized socioeconomic problem that has significant effects on a large percentage of ...
Some people might wonder about the propriety of asking a laboratory animal veterinarian to author a chapter on the ethics of animal use in neuropsychiatric research. After all, she or he is part of the infrastructure that supports biomedical research rather than an independent ethicist or phi ...
This chapter concerns animal models of a diverse group of insults that can directly perturb myelin or the cells that synthesize myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Section 2 briefly relates the developmental sequence of events culminating in mye ...
The myelin sheath is a highly organized membranous structure that wraps tightly around an axon and provides for the energy-efficient, high velocity propagation of nerve impulses—known as saltatory conduction—without depolarization of adjacent nerve fibers (see chapter by Mill ...
关于丁香通
公司信息
个人用户
企业机构
