遗传学实验技术

A tissue microarray (TMA) containing diagnostic biopsies was used to develop predictors of outcome in a group of 105 patients having advanced-stage follicular lymphoma (FL). The patients were staged and uniformly treated, and the usable cases had been randomly divided into a subgroup of 50 p ...

Typical microarray or GeneChip™ experiments now provide genome-wide measurements on gene expression across many conditions. Analysis often focuses on only a few of the genes, looking for those that are “differentially expressed” between conditions or groups of conditions. Howeve ...

DNA microarrays make it possible, for the first time, to record the complete genomic signals that guide the progression of cellular processes. Future discovery in biology and medicine will come from the mathematical modeling of these data, which hold the key to fundamental understanding of l ...

Microarray analysis results in the gathering of massive amounts of information concerning gene expression profiles of different cells and experimental conditions. Analyzing these data can often be a quagmire, with endless discussion as to what the appropriate statistical analy ...

Herein we have set forth a detailed method to analyze microarray data using artificial neural networks (ANN) for the purpose of classification, diagnosis, or prognosis. All aspects of this analysis can be carried out online via a website. The reader is guided through each step of the analysis incl ...

Recent findings of a genome-wide oscillation involving the transcriptome of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest that the most promising path to an understanding of the cell as a dynamic system will proceed from carefully designed time-series sampling followed by the d ...

Eukaryotic transcription is a complex process. A myriad of biochemical signals cause activators and repressors to bind specific cis-elements on the promoter DNA, which help to recruit the basal transcription machinery that ultimately initiates transcription. In this chapter, we d ...

DNA (mRNA) microarray, a highly promising technique with a variety of applications, can yield a wealth of data about each sample, well beyond the reach of every individual’s comprehension. A need exists for statistical approaches that reliably eliminate insufficient and uninformative ...

We present a practical guide to some of the issues involved in comparing or integrating different microarray studies. We discuss the influence that various factors have on the agreement between studies, such as different technologies and platforms, statistical analysis criteria, pr ...

Genome-wide measures of gene expression have been used to classify breast tumors into clinically relevant subtypes, as well as provide a better means of risk assessment on an individual basis for lymph node-negative (LNN) breast cancer patients. We have applied Affymetrix GeneChips of 22, ...

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can suppress gene expression by inducing mRNA degradation of the homologous gene, known as RNA interference (RNAi). First, an RNase III-like dsRNA-specific endonuclease, Dicer, cleaves long dsRNA into 21- to 23-nucleotide (nt) small, interfering RNAs (siR ...

Recent work demonstrates that RNA interference (RNAi) helps coordinate the flow of information from transcription to protein expression, complicating tremendously our former understanding of how protein expression is regulated (1,2). Inhibitory RNAs can be expressed natur ...

The potential to control and alter gene expression constitutes an essential strategy in both fundamental and pharmaceutical research. The recent discovery of the RNA interference pathway in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms has provided a novel means of characterizing gene fun ...

Inhibition of gene expression at the mRNA levels can be accomplished by several methods, including ribozymes, DNAzymes, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (1–3). This is now driven predominantly by siRNAs, as they are not technically demanding as traditional antisense and ribozyme tec ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of approx 22-nucleotide (nt) regulatory RNAs, found in plants and animals (1–8). miRNAs contain 5′ phosphates and 3′ hydroxyls and are processed by the Dicer nuclease from one of the stems of longer precursors (pre-miRNAs) that form stem-loop structures (9–11 ...

The majority of metazoan genes encode pre-mRNAs that are subject to alternative splicing. For example, it has recently been estimated that as many as 74% of human genes encode alternatively spliced mRNAs (1). An alternatively spliced gene can generate anywhere from 2 different isoforms to as ma ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approx 22-nucleotide (nt) regulatory RNAs derived from endogenous genes and processed from longer (approx 70 nt, in animals) precursor RNAs (pre-miRNAs) (1–8). miRNAs bind to Argonaute (Ago) proteins, such as Ago-2 (also known as eIF2C2) (6,9), and typically associate ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a new class of noncoding RNAs whose functions are, in most cases, unknown, but are believed to play important biological roles (1). These tiny RNAs are genome encoded as primary transcripts, referred to as pri-miRNAs, which are processed in the nucleus by Dorsha, a ribo ...

RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming a standard laboratory technique for understanding and regulating the function of specific genes in evolutionarily diverse organisms, including plants, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mammalian cells (1–10). RNAi is initi ...

U1 snRNA is a component of the U1 snRNP complex, which contains seven common snRNP proteins and three specific U1 snRNP proteins (1). It initiates spliceosome association with pre-mRNA by defining the 3′ boundary of exons (2). As the splicing reaction proceeds, U1 snRNP and the other spliceosome com ...