遗传学实验技术

The diverse functions of microRNA (miRNA) molecules have drawn broad and intensive interest in various biological fields, biomedical applications, and technology development. Which are endogeneous cellular short RNA molecules found in the cytoplasm as well as in various serum flu ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of biomarkers. They represent a group of small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranslational level by degrading or blocking translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) targets. miRNAs are important players when it comes to regulating ce ...

Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis are etiological agents of anthrax and plague respectively, and are also considered among the most feared potential bioterrorism agents. These microorganisms show intraspecies genome homogeneity, making strains differentiation di ...

Here, we describe a microcapillary electrophoresis technique with application to the quantitative analysis of mtDNA hypervariable regions HVR1, HVR2, and HVR3 PCR amplicons previous to sequence analysis, which yields several important advantages compared to traditional se ...

Microfluidics has the potential to significantly improve the speed, throughput, and cost performance of electrophoretic short tandem repeat (STR) analysis by translating the process into a miniaturized and integrated format. Current STR analysis bypasses the post-PCR sample c ...

In recent years, evidence from domestic dogs has increasingly been analyzed by forensic DNA testing. Especially, canine hairs have proved most suitable and practical due to the high rate of hair transfer occurring between dogs and humans. Starting with the description of a contamination- ...

The identification of a biological species from an unknown material can be performed using a mitochondrial DNA locus. The cytochrome b (cyt b) gene is one of the most commonly used genetic loci, applied in both taxonomy and forensic science, for the purpose of species identification. The gene is 1,140 ...

Forensic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is a complementary technique to forensic nuclear DNA (nDNA) and trace evidence analysis. Its use has been accepted by the vast majority of courts of law around the world. However for the forensic community it is crucial to employ standardized metho ...

The forensic applications of mtDNA sequencing center primarily on samples that are either highly degraded or contain little or no nuclear DNA, since the testing of these sample types is often unsuccessful with more widely used nuclear STR profiling assays. In these cases, sequence data from t ...

Cycle sequencing reaction with Big-Dye terminators provides the methodology to analyze mtDNA Control Region amplicons by means of capillary electrophoresis. DNA sequencing with ddNTPs or terminators was developed by (1). The progressive automation of the method by combining the u ...

This protocol describes a strategy for analyzing phylogenetic Y-SNPs in a hierarchical multiplex assay by utilizing the SNaPshot� Multiplex System. Step by step, the protocol assists in the appropriate selection of SNPs, the primer design, the set up of PCR/SBE reactions as well as in the analy ...

Ancestry inference based on autosomal markers remains a niche approach in forensic analysis: most laboratories feel more secure with a review of the cumulative STR profile frequencies in a range of relevant populations with the possible additional analysis of mitochondrial and/or Y- ...

We describe a method for simultaneous amplification of 49 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by multiplex PCR and detection of the SNP alleles by single base extension (SBE) and capillary electrophoresis. All the SNPs may be amplified from only 100 pg of genomic DNA and the leng ...

SNPs are being increasingly used by forensic laboratories. Different platforms have been developed for SNP typing. We describe the GenPlex™ HID system protocol, a new SNP-typing platform developed by Applied Biosystems where 48 of the 52 SNPforID SNPs and amelogenin are included. The GenP ...

During the two last decades, STR markers located on the autosomes have been gaining relevance and have nearly replaced the use of other type of markers in most cases of genetic identification, paternity testing, as well as in other situations of kinship analysis. Nevertheless, in some complex ca ...

Y-STR analysis is an invaluable tool to examine evidence in sexual assault cases and in other forensic casework. Unambiguous detection of the male component in DNA mixtures with a high female background is still the main field of application of forensic Y-STR haplotyping. In the last years, powe ...

The amplification of short tandem repeat (STR) markers throughout the human nuclear DNA genome are used to associate crime scene evidence to the perpetrator’s profile in criminal investigations. For highly challenged or compromised materials such as stains exposed to the elements, sk ...

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a common method used for DNA typing in forensic and paternity cases. There are numerous commercial short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex assays currently available to the forensic community. These assays amplify the core Combined DNA Index Sys ...

This chapter presents a brief introduction to the historical development of current technologies used in DNA analysis for human identification. The text describes the development of the PCR and short tandem repeats along with subsequent advances in instrumentation such as real-time ...

The analysis of nonhuman biological evidence both animal and botanical to find out the correct species of a sample comes as a great help to crime investigators. Particularly, forensic botany may be useful in many criminal and civil cases, e.g., for linking an individual to a crime scene or physical evi ...