遗传学实验技术

Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNA) regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by altering translation of protein(s) encoded by specific messenger RNA. Therefore the ability to detect and quantify the expression levels of specific miRNA present within a cell or tissue is nece ...

Many neuroscience studies involve subcellular fractionation to produce isolated or enriched synaptic fractions. Synaptosomes are prepared by flotation of synaptic membranes on sucrose or Percoll gradients. Alternatively, synaptoneurosomes are prepared by filtrati ...

MicroRNAs have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Identification of cancer-regulated microRNAs or other classes of endogenous small RNAs have advanced our knowledge in cancer progression and metastasis. Among many tools, small RNA clo ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small ∼22 nt regulatory RNAs that modulate mRNA expression in all multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Interestingly, viruses also encode miRNAs and these viral miRNAs target cellular and viral mRNAs to regulate virus replication and latent infecti ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nucleotide single-stranded RNA molecules that originate from hairpin precursors and regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by basepairing with target messenger RNA and blocking its translation or inducing its degradation. miR ...

MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators that control mRNA stability and the translation efficiency of their target genes. Mature microRNAs are approximately 22-nucleotide in length. They mediate post-transcriptional gene regulation by binding to the imperfect co ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have key roles in diverse regulatory pathways, including control of developmental timing, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and organ development. miRNAs regulate gene function through a process termed RNA interference (RNAi), which is a ...

Tumors are composed of both malignant and normal cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and inflammatory immune cells such as macrophages. These various stromal components interact with cancer cells to promote growth and metastasis. For exampl ...

Current cancer chemotherapies heavily rely on the unspecific inhibition of proliferating cells. This lack of tumour cell specificity results in severe toxic side effects and may only hardly affect quiescent cancer stem cells consequently leading to relapse. Since oncogenes are exc ...

Targeting proteases and their activators would retard the invasive ability of cancer cells, and has been shown to induce apoptosis in certain instances. Various methods have been developed to specifically target protease molecules in an attempt to retard invasion and migration. Of the ...

Higher-grade gliomas are distinguished by increased vascular endothelial cell proliferation and peritumoral edema. These are thought to be instigated by vascular endothelial growth factor, which in turn is regulated by cellular oxygen tension. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (H ...

The discovery of new cancer-related therapeutic targets is mainly based on the identification of genes involved in pathways selectively exploited in cancer cells, including those leading to unlimited replicative potential, evasion of apoptosis, angiogenesis, tissue invasi ...

Chemically synthesized short interfering RNA (siRNA) of pre-determined sequence has ushered a new era in the application of RNA interference (RNAi) against viral genes. We have paid particular attention to respiratory viruses that wreak heavy morbidity and mortality worldwide. The ...

Therapeutic options against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continue to expand with the development of new drugs and new therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, management of HIV-1 infected individuals has become increasingly complex. The emergence of drug-resi ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation known to be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. In fact, their individual importance is reflected in the diseases that may arise upon the loss, mutation or dysfunction of specific miRNAs. It has been appreci ...

Nearly 97% of the human genome is non-coding DNA, and introns occupy most of it around the gene-coding regions. Numerous intronic sequences have been recently found to encode microRNAs, which are responsible for RNA-mediated gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi)-like pathways. ...

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been widely used for studying gene functions in mammalian cells but vary markedly in their gene-silencing efficacy. Although many design rules/guidelines for effective siRNAs based on various criteria have been reported recently, there are only a ...

Recent experimental evidences support the existence of an increasingly complex and multifaceted interaction between viruses and the microRNA-guided RNA silencing machinery of human cells. The discovery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which are designed to mediate cleava ...

The transcription factor glioma-associated antigen-1 (Gli-1) mediates activation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, a process that precedes the transformation of tissue stem cells into cancerous stem cells and that is involved in early and late epithelial tumorigenesis. Hypoth ...

Within the recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become an almost-standard method for in vitro knockdown of any target gene of interest. Now, one major focus is to further explore its potential in vivo, including the development of novel therapeutic strategies. From the mechanism, it becom ...