生物信息学技术

The application of nanotechnology in various fields has resulted in a tremendous increase in the synthesis of variety of engineered nanoparticles (NPs). These applications are possible only due to the small size and large surface area of the NPs which imparts them unique properties. Inorg ...

The distinctive characteristics of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) such as higher surface-to-volume ratio find immense applications in personal care products, food packaging, drug delivery systems, therapeutics & biosensors and others. The exponential increase in the ENP c ...

Oxidative stress, due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, is a major factor in cerebral ischemic damage and changes the activities of antioxidant enzymes and substantially influences the aging process. Free chemical antioxidant is almost ineffective to treat brain ischem ...

Nanotechnology involves the creation and manipulation of materials at nanoscale levels to create products that exhibit novel properties. Engineered nanomaterials either metals (like carbon and silver) or metal oxides (like zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and titanium oxide) indu ...

Relatively little is known about how gold nanoparticles (GNP) might interact in vivo with aquatic organisms. Gold nanoparticles (GNP) of defined average diameter may be synthesized and used to challenge test organisms held in aquaria. The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is a popular sentinel s ...

Nanoecotoxicology as a sub-discipline of ecotoxicology aims to identify and predict effects elicited on ecosystems by nano-sized materials (NM). Two key groups of model organisms in this context are algae and fish. In this chapter, we present considerations for testing NM with respect to th ...

The increasing use of nanomaterials in biological applications raises numerous concerns about the dangers they might pose to living organisms. The rise in oxidative stress is usually the most readily observed effect induced by nanoparticles, with the measurement of lipid peroxidat ...

For centuries now, antioxidants have been known to provide better health by neutralizing the free radicals which are continuously produced in the human body. In normal circumstances, self-antioxidant defense system of the human body is capable of quantitatively managing the free radi ...

The nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is produced abundantly and used widely in the chemical, electrical/electronic, and energy industries because of its special photovoltaic and photocatalytic activities. Past reports have shown that the nano-TiO2 can enter into the human ...

Since the early 1990s, interest into the biological interaction of nanosized particles of various compositions has increased. Following the initial findings that nanoscaled particles can elicit an adverse biological response when compared to their larger (micron-scale) mate ...

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important member of the reactive oxygen species, playing various roles in biology and medicine. The conventional detection methods for H2O2 are often restricted by their limited sensitivity, poor selectivity towards H2O2, inappropriate physicoch ...

Fullerenes are a relatively new group of compounds and represent a class of sphere-shaped molecules made exclusively of carbon atoms. Since their discovery in 1985, many aspects of both fullerene and its analogues have been intensively studied to reveal their physical and chemical react ...

Nanotechnology involves the creation and manipulation of materials at nanoscale levels (1–100 nm) to create products that exhibit novel properties. While this motivation has driven nanoscience and technology in physics and engineering, it is not the main reason that nanoparticles a ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to cause several human pathologies. For this reason, antioxidants have gained utmost importance because of their potential as prophylactic and therapeutic agents in many diseases. Examples of their application include their use in diabetic pa ...

In recent years, nanoparticles have received increasing attention in research and technology, including a variety of practical applications. The bioactivity appears to be related to the small particle size, in addition to inherent chemical activity as electron transfer (ET) agents, ...

Noninvasive detection of biological responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo could shed light on mechanisms at work in diverse areas like developmental dynamics, therapeutic effectiveness, drug discovery, pathogenic processes, and disease prevention. Research on ROS ...

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have become valued tools for knocking down specific genes. As such, siRNAs are routinely used to study gene function and are also being explored as therapeutic agents. Traditionally, siRNAs are designed to target one specific gene, but this chapter describes a ...

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are potent inducers of RNA interference—the conservative cellular process of posttranscriptional gene silencing. The silencing activity of siRNAs depends on the thermodynamic asymmetry of the siRNA duplex. Here, we describe the design of chemic ...

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly efficient endogenous gene silencing mechanism mediated by short double-stranded RNAs termed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The current standard siRNA structure, which is used by most researchers to trigger sequence-specific target gene sil ...

The efficient and specific silencing of genes via RNA interference (RNAi) for functional genomics and therapeutics depends on careful consideration of the factors that affect the functionality of small interfering RNA (siRNA). These factors include (1) the length of sequence availa ...