生物信息学技术

Leukemias are classified according to clinical, morphologic, and immunologic phenotypes, caused by specific genetic aberrations in association to distinct prognostic profiles. Usually the subtypes are defined using complementary laboratory methods, such as multipara ...

DNA microarrays allow the comprehensive genetic analysis of an organism or a sample. They are based on probes, which are immobilized in an ordered two-dimensional pattern on substrates, such as nylon membranes or glass slides. Probes are either spotted cDNAs or oligonucleotides and are des ...

Genotyping using DNA microarrays is a cost-efficient method compared with real-time PCR and DNA sequencing. Here, a DNA microarray-based method using allele-specific oligo hybridization is demonstrated. This method relies on immobilization of probes that are specific for wild-t ...

The approximately 25,000 genes in mammalian genomes can be transcribed at different levels. Measurements of gene expression for ten thousands of genes in parallel give the most comprehensive picture of steady-state levels of transcripts and is used in basic and applied research. Microa ...

Antibody-based microarrays are a new powerful proteomic technology that can be used to generate rapid and detailed expression profiles of defined sets of protein analytes in complex samples as well as high-resolution portraits of entire proteomes. Miniaturized micro- and nanoarra ...

Microarray technology enables the fast and parallel analysis of a multitude of biologically relevant parameters. Not only nucleic acid-based tests, but also peptide, antigen, and antibody assays using different formats of microarrays evolved within the last decade. They offer the po ...

An increasing number of patients are suffering from allergic diseases such as rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic eczema, uticaria, anaphylaxis, and food and drug allergies. Although it is possible to measure a multitude of allergen-specific IgE antibodies by radio or enzyme immunoassays ...

Analysis of cells is a cornerstone in biomedical research. Traditional methods for cell culture and tissue analysis can be replaced by various microchips as discussed in this chapter. A tissue array is an example of microchip that provides higher throughput of tissue analysis. Other micro ...

Peptide microarrays are useful instruments for miniaturized high-throughput, high-content immunoassays. The substitution of linear epitopes of the protein antigen with short, synthetic peptides is virtually a straightforward approach to capture antigen-specific ant ...

Our understanding of the level and distribution of gene and protein expression in cells is a key component of modern cell biological and medical research. Detecting intracellular proteins with labeled antibodies or genes with labeled oligonucleotide sequences by fluorescence mi ...

Quantum dots (QDs) are new nanocrystal semiconductor fluorophores consisting of a cadmium selenide core and zinc sulfide or cadmium sulfide shell. They have many advantages over conventional fluorophores including prolonged signal because of photostability, and reinforce ...

Quantum dot (QD) conjugates have many immunohistochemical applications. The optical, excitation/emission, and photostable properties of QDs offer several advantages over the use of chromogens or organic fluorophores in these applications. Here, we describe the use of QD conjug ...

Our understanding of basic cell structure and function has been greatly aided by the identification of proteins at the ultrastructural level. However, the current methods for high-resolution labeling of proteins in situ, and for directly correlating observations made by light micro ...

The development of multiplexing capabilities and high-content readouts reporting individual cellular measurements enables assessment of biological variability on a single-cell basis, together with the evaluation of cell subpopulations within wells. A high-content sc ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful, molecular technique with a wide range of applications in medicine and biology. In medicine, FISH uses genomic and cDNA probes to determine the chromosomal position of genes and DNA sequences, which enables detection of ploidy levels ...

The ability of cancer cells to migrate and metastasize is known to be directly related to tumor cell motility. Therefore, assaying the level of tumor cell motility is an excellent indicator of metastatic potential. We have developed an efficient and sensitive two-dimensional cell motility ...

The unique fluorescence properties of quantum dots (QDs), particulary their large extinction coefficients and photostability, make them ideal probes for tracking proteins in live cells using real-time visualization. We have shown that QDs conjugated to epidermal growth factor a ...

The dynamics of membrane proteins in living cells has become a major issue to understand important biological questions such as chemotaxis, synaptic regulation, or signal transduction. The advent of semi-conductor quantum dots (QDs) has opened new perspectives for the study of membra ...

Quantum dots (QDs) have received a great amount of interest for use as fluorescent labels in biological applications. QDs are brightly fluorescent and very photostable, satisfying even imaging applications that require single molecule detection at high repetition rates over long p ...

Quantum dots (QDs) can be used to label live cells for long-term tracking experiments. The stability of the QDs ensures low toxicity and long-term imaging capability. The multicolor capabilities of QDs allows the simultaneous monitoring of complex cellular populations, allowing more i ...