植物学技术

Plant phospholipids and glycolipids can be analyzed by direct infusion electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. A biological extract is introduced in solvent by continuous infusion into the mass spectrometer’s electrospray ionization source, where ...

Galactolipids represent the predominant membrane lipid class in plants. In general, galactolipids are restricted to plastids, but during phosphate deficiency, they also accumulate in extraplastidial membranes. Two groups of plants can be distinguished based on the presence of a s ...

Biological lipid extracts often contain small amounts of lysophospholipids (LPLs). Since different functions are emerging for LPLs in lipid metabolism and signalling, there is need for a reliable and cost-effective method for their identification. For this purpose, authentic LPL s ...

In plants, phosphatidic acid (PA) functions as a metabolic precursor in the biosynthesis of glycerolipids, but it also acts as a key signaling lipid in the response to environmental stress conditions (Testerink and Munnik, J Exp Bot 62:2349–2361, 2011). In vivo 32P-radiolabeling assays have s ...

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important intermediate of lipid metabolism and a component of phospholipase C signal transduction. Quantification of DAG in plant membranes represents a challenging task because of its low abundance. DAG can be measured by direct infusion mass spectromet ...

The phosphoinositide signaling pathway is important for plant responses to many different stresses. As part of the responses to a stimulus, InsP3 levels may increase rapidly and transiently. The receptor binding assay for InsP3 described here is easy to use and an ideal method to monitor and co ...

Phosphoinositides derive from the phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), by phosphorylation of the inositol ring in the lipid head group. The determination of phosphoinositide species is a particular challenge, because the structurally similar inositolphosph ...

Detection of polyphosphoinositides (PPIs) is difficult due to their low chemical abundancy. This problem is further complicated by the fact that PPIs are present as various, distinct isomers, which are difficult, if not impossible, to separate by conventional thin layer chromatograp ...

Lipidomic analyses through LC-, GC-, and ESI-MS/MS can detect numerous lipid species based on headgroup and fatty acid compositions but usually miss the minor phospholipids involved in cell signaling because of their low chemical abundancy. Due to their high turnover, these signaling lip ...

Detailed knowledge of the degree of ionization of lipid titratable groups is important for the evaluation of protein–lipid and lipid–lipid interactions. The degree of ionization is commonly evaluated by acid–base titration, but for lipids localized in a multicomponent membrane in ...

N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty acid derivatives amide-linked to ethanolamine. NAEs vary in chain lengths and numbers of double bonds and generally reflect the fatty acids found in membrane lipids in the tissues in which they reside. NAEs are present naturally in trace amounts and occ ...

Defense signaling compounds and phytohormones play an essential role in the regulation of plant responses to various environmental abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the most severe stresses are herbivory, pathogen infection, and drought stress. The major hormones involved in the r ...

Sphingolipids generate signals in plants in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Measuring these signaling compounds is complicated by the heterogeneity of structures within the sphingolipid family and the comparatively low concentration of their metabolites ...

Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is allowing substantial advances in several disciplines of plant science by allowing the in situ examination of elements within plant tissues. Continual improvements in detector speed, sensitivity, and resolution are increasing the ...

Plant tissue analysis is a valuable tool for evaluating the nutritional status and quality of crops and is widely used for scientific and commercial purposes. The majority of plant analyzes are now performed by techniques based on ICP spectrometry such as inductively coupled plasma—opti ...

This chapter describes two basic complementary methods relevant to at least three major macronutrients in plants: NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and phosphate. The first method is the simultaneous determination of tissue content of the oxyanions, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and phosphate by HPLC, and the second is the determination of tis ...

Visible-near infrared diffuse reflectance (vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a fast, nondestructive technique well suited for analyses of some of the essential constituents of the soil. These constituents, mainly clay minerals, organic matter and soil water strongly affect conditions f ...

Plant cell suspension cultures are widely used in plant biology as a convenient tool for the investigation of a wide range of phenomena, bypassing the structural complexity of the plant organism in toto. The homogeneity of an in vitro cell population, the large availability of material, the high r ...

Legume plants are used as a protein source for human and animal nutrition. The high protein content of legume plants is achieved via the establishment of a root symbiosis with rhizobia that allows the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen. In recent years, M. truncatula has been used as a legume model in vi ...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is receiving increased attention as a potential contributor to sustainable crop plant nutrition. This chapter details a set of protocols for plant growth to study the development and physiology of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, and how to es ...